'use strict';

/*!
 * Module dependencies.
 */

const Aggregate = require('./aggregate');
const ChangeStream = require('./cursor/changeStream');
const Document = require('./document');
const DocumentNotFoundError = require('./error/notFound');
const EventEmitter = require('events').EventEmitter;
const Kareem = require('kareem');
const MongooseBulkWriteError = require('./error/bulkWriteError');
const MongooseError = require('./error/index');
const ObjectParameterError = require('./error/objectParameter');
const OverwriteModelError = require('./error/overwriteModel');
const Query = require('./query');
const SaveOptions = require('./options/saveOptions');
const Schema = require('./schema');
const ValidationError = require('./error/validation');
const VersionError = require('./error/version');
const ParallelSaveError = require('./error/parallelSave');
const applyDefaultsHelper = require('./helpers/document/applyDefaults');
const isInPathsToSave = require('./helpers/document/isInPathsToSave');
const applyDefaultsToPOJO = require('./helpers/model/applyDefaultsToPOJO');
const applyEmbeddedDiscriminators = require('./helpers/discriminator/applyEmbeddedDiscriminators');
const applyHooks = require('./helpers/model/applyHooks');
const applyMethods = require('./helpers/model/applyMethods');
const applyProjection = require('./helpers/projection/applyProjection');
const applyReadConcern = require('./helpers/schema/applyReadConcern');
const applySchemaCollation = require('./helpers/indexes/applySchemaCollation');
const applyStaticHooks = require('./helpers/model/applyStaticHooks');
const applyStatics = require('./helpers/model/applyStatics');
const applyTimestampsHelper = require('./helpers/document/applyTimestamps');
const applyWriteConcern = require('./helpers/schema/applyWriteConcern');
const applyVirtualsHelper = require('./helpers/document/applyVirtuals');
const assignVals = require('./helpers/populate/assignVals');
const castBulkWrite = require('./helpers/model/castBulkWrite');
const clone = require('./helpers/clone');
const createPopulateQueryFilter = require('./helpers/populate/createPopulateQueryFilter');
const decorateUpdateWithVersionKey = require('./helpers/update/decorateUpdateWithVersionKey');
const getDefaultBulkwriteResult = require('./helpers/getDefaultBulkwriteResult');
const getSchemaDiscriminatorByValue = require('./helpers/discriminator/getSchemaDiscriminatorByValue');
const discriminator = require('./helpers/model/discriminator');
const each = require('./helpers/each');
const get = require('./helpers/get');
const getConstructorName = require('./helpers/getConstructorName');
const getDiscriminatorByValue = require('./helpers/discriminator/getDiscriminatorByValue');
const getModelsMapForPopulate = require('./helpers/populate/getModelsMapForPopulate');
const immediate = require('./helpers/immediate');
const internalToObjectOptions = require('./options').internalToObjectOptions;
const isDefaultIdIndex = require('./helpers/indexes/isDefaultIdIndex');
const isIndexEqual = require('./helpers/indexes/isIndexEqual');
const isIndexSpecEqual = require('./helpers/indexes/isIndexSpecEqual');
const isTimeseriesIndex = require('./helpers/indexes/isTimeseriesIndex');
const {
  getRelatedDBIndexes,
  getRelatedSchemaIndexes
} = require('./helpers/indexes/getRelatedIndexes');
const decorateDiscriminatorIndexOptions = require('./helpers/indexes/decorateDiscriminatorIndexOptions');
const isPathSelectedInclusive = require('./helpers/projection/isPathSelectedInclusive');
const leanPopulateMap = require('./helpers/populate/leanPopulateMap');
const parallelLimit = require('./helpers/parallelLimit');
const parseProjection = require('./helpers/projection/parseProjection');
const prepareDiscriminatorPipeline = require('./helpers/aggregate/prepareDiscriminatorPipeline');
const pushNestedArrayPaths = require('./helpers/model/pushNestedArrayPaths');
const removeDeselectedForeignField = require('./helpers/populate/removeDeselectedForeignField');
const setDottedPath = require('./helpers/path/setDottedPath');
const { buildMiddlewareFilter } = require('./helpers/buildMiddlewareFilter');
const util = require('util');
const utils = require('./utils');
const minimize = require('./helpers/minimize');
const MongooseBulkSaveIncompleteError = require('./error/bulkSaveIncompleteError');
const ObjectExpectedError = require('./error/objectExpected');
const decorateBulkWriteResult = require('./helpers/model/decorateBulkWriteResult');
const modelCollectionSymbol = Symbol('mongoose#Model#collection');
const modelDbSymbol = Symbol('mongoose#Model#db');
const {
  arrayAtomicsBackupSymbol,
  arrayAtomicsSymbol,
  modelSymbol
} = require('./helpers/symbols');
const subclassedSymbol = Symbol('mongoose#Model#subclassed');

const { VERSION_INC, VERSION_WHERE, VERSION_ALL } = Document;

const saveToObjectOptions = Object.assign({}, internalToObjectOptions, {
  bson: true
});

/**
 * A Model is a class that's your primary tool for interacting with MongoDB.
 * An instance of a Model is called a [Document](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/document.html#Document).
 *
 * In Mongoose, the term "Model" refers to subclasses of the `mongoose.Model`
 * class. You should not use the `mongoose.Model` class directly. The
 * [`mongoose.model()`](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/mongoose.html#Mongoose.prototype.model()) and
 * [`connection.model()`](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/connection.html#Connection.prototype.model()) functions
 * create subclasses of `mongoose.Model` as shown below.
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     // `UserModel` is a "Model", a subclass of `mongoose.Model`.
 *     const UserModel = mongoose.model('User', new Schema({ name: String }));
 *
 *     // You can use a Model to create new documents using `new`:
 *     const userDoc = new UserModel({ name: 'Foo' });
 *     await userDoc.save();
 *
 *     // You also use a model to create queries:
 *     const userFromDb = await UserModel.findOne({ name: 'Foo' });
 *
 * @param {object} doc values for initial set
 * @param {object} [fields] optional object containing the fields that were selected in the query which returned this document. You do **not** need to set this parameter to ensure Mongoose handles your [query projection](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/query.html#Query.prototype.select()).
 * @param {object} [options] optional object containing the options for the document.
 * @param {boolean} [options.defaults=true] if `false`, skip applying default values to this document.
 * @param {boolean} [options.skipId=false] By default, Mongoose document if one is not provided and the document's schema does not override Mongoose's default `_id`. Set `skipId` to `true` to skip this generation step.
 * @inherits Document https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/document.html
 * @event `error`: If listening to this event, 'error' is emitted when a document was saved and an `error` occurred. If not listening, the event bubbles to the connection used to create this Model.
 * @event `index`: Emitted after `Model#ensureIndexes` completes. If an error occurred it is passed with the event.
 * @event `index-single-start`: Emitted when an individual index starts within `Model#ensureIndexes`. The fields and options being used to build the index are also passed with the event.
 * @event `index-single-done`: Emitted when an individual index finishes within `Model#ensureIndexes`. If an error occurred it is passed with the event. The fields, options, and index name are also passed.
 * @api public
 */

function Model(doc, fields, options) {
  if (fields instanceof Schema) {
    throw new TypeError('2nd argument to `Model` constructor must be a POJO or string, ' +
      '**not** a schema. Make sure you\'re calling `mongoose.model()`, not ' +
      '`mongoose.Model()`.');
  }
  if (typeof doc === 'string') {
    throw new TypeError('First argument to `Model` constructor must be an object, ' +
      '**not** a string. Make sure you\'re calling `mongoose.model()`, not ' +
      '`mongoose.Model()`.');
  }
  Document.call(this, doc, fields, options);
}

/**
 * Inherits from Document.
 *
 * All Model.prototype features are available on
 * top level (non-sub) documents.
 * @api private
 */

Object.setPrototypeOf(Model.prototype, Document.prototype);
Model.prototype.$isMongooseModelPrototype = true;

/**
 * Connection the model uses.
 *
 * @api public
 * @property db
 * @memberOf Model
 * @instance
 */

Model.prototype.db;

/**
 * Changes the Connection instance this model uses to make requests to MongoDB.
 * This function is most useful for changing the Connection that a Model defined using `mongoose.model()` uses
 * after initialization.
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     await mongoose.connect('mongodb://127.0.0.1:27017/db1');
 *     const UserModel = mongoose.model('User', mongoose.Schema({ name: String }));
 *     UserModel.connection === mongoose.connection; // true
 *
 *     const conn2 = await mongoose.createConnection('mongodb://127.0.0.1:27017/db2').asPromise();
 *     UserModel.useConnection(conn2); // `UserModel` now stores documents in `db2`, not `db1`
 *
 *     UserModel.connection === mongoose.connection; // false
 *     UserModel.connection === conn2; // true
 *
 *     conn2.model('User') === UserModel; // true
 *     mongoose.model('User'); // Throws 'MissingSchemaError'
 *
 * Note: `useConnection()` does **not** apply any [connection-level plugins](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/connection.html#Connection.prototype.plugin()) from the new connection.
 * If you use `useConnection()` to switch a model's connection, the model will still have the old connection's plugins.
 *
 * @function useConnection
 * @param {Connection} connection The new connection to use
 * @return {Model} this
 * @api public
 */

Model.useConnection = function useConnection(connection) {
  if (typeof connection?.model !== 'function' || typeof connection.collection !== 'function' || typeof connection.base?.version !== 'string') {
    throw new MongooseError('`useConnection()` requires a Mongoose connection.');
  }
  if (this.db?.base?.version && this.db?.base?.version !== connection.base?.version) {
    throw new MongooseError(`The connection passed to \`useConnection()\` has a different version of Mongoose (${connection.base?.version}) than the model you are using (${this.db?.base?.version}).`);
  }
  if (this.db) {
    delete this.db.models[this.modelName];
    delete this.prototype.db;
    delete this.prototype[modelDbSymbol];
    delete this.prototype.collection;
    delete this.prototype.$collection;
    delete this.prototype[modelCollectionSymbol];
  }

  this.db = connection;
  const collection = connection.collection(this.collection.collectionName, connection.options);
  this.prototype.collection = collection;
  this.prototype.$collection = collection;
  this.prototype[modelCollectionSymbol] = collection;
  this.prototype.db = connection;
  this.prototype[modelDbSymbol] = connection;
  this.collection = collection;
  this.$__collection = collection;
  connection.models[this.modelName] = this;

  return this;
};

/**
 * The collection instance this model uses.
 * A Mongoose collection is a thin wrapper around a [MongoDB Node.js driver collection]([MongoDB Node.js driver collection](https://mongodb.github.io/node-mongodb-native/Next/classes/Collection.html)).
 * Using `Model.collection` means you bypass Mongoose middleware, validation, and casting.
 *
 * This property is read-only. Modifying this property is a no-op.
 *
 * @api public
 * @property collection
 * @memberOf Model
 * @instance
 */

Model.prototype.collection;

/**
 * Internal collection the model uses.
 *
 * This property is read-only. Modifying this property is a no-op.
 *
 * @api private
 * @property collection
 * @memberOf Model
 * @instance
 */


Model.prototype.$__collection;

/**
 * The name of the model
 *
 * @api public
 * @property modelName
 * @memberOf Model
 * @instance
 */

Model.prototype.modelName;

/**
 * Additional properties to attach to the query when calling `save()` and
 * `isNew` is false.
 *
 * @api public
 * @property $where
 * @memberOf Model
 * @instance
 */

Model.prototype.$where;

/**
 * If this is a discriminator model, `baseModelName` is the name of
 * the base model.
 *
 * @api public
 * @property baseModelName
 * @memberOf Model
 * @instance
 */

Model.prototype.baseModelName;

/**
 * Event emitter that reports any errors that occurred. Useful for global error
 * handling.
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     MyModel.events.on('error', err => console.log(err.message));
 *
 *     // Prints a 'CastError' because of the above handler
 *     await MyModel.findOne({ _id: 'Not a valid ObjectId' }).catch(noop);
 *
 * @api public
 * @property events
 * @fires error whenever any query or model function errors
 * @memberOf Model
 * @static
 */

Model.events;

/**
 * Compiled middleware for this model. Set in `applyHooks()`.
 *
 * @api private
 * @property _middleware
 * @memberOf Model
 * @static
 */

Model._middleware;

/*!
 * ignore
 */

function _applyCustomWhere(doc, where) {
  if (doc.$where == null) {
    return;
  }
  for (const key of Object.keys(doc.$where)) {
    where[key] = doc.$where[key];
  }
}

/*!
 * ignore
 */
function _createSaveOptions(doc, options) {
  const saveOptions = {};

  applyWriteConcern(doc.$__schema, options);
  if (typeof options.writeConcern !== 'undefined') {
    saveOptions.writeConcern = {};
    if ('w' in options.writeConcern) {
      saveOptions.writeConcern.w = options.writeConcern.w;
    }
    if ('j' in options.writeConcern) {
      saveOptions.writeConcern.j = options.writeConcern.j;
    }
    if ('wtimeout' in options.writeConcern) {
      saveOptions.writeConcern.wtimeout = options.writeConcern.wtimeout;
    }
  } else {
    if ('w' in options) {
      saveOptions.w = options.w;
    }
    if ('j' in options) {
      saveOptions.j = options.j;
    }
    if ('wtimeout' in options) {
      saveOptions.wtimeout = options.wtimeout;
    }
  }
  if ('checkKeys' in options) {
    saveOptions.checkKeys = options.checkKeys;
  }

  const session = doc.$session();
  const asyncLocalStorage = doc[modelDbSymbol].base.transactionAsyncLocalStorage?.getStore();
  if (session != null) {
    saveOptions.session = session;
  } else if (!Object.hasOwn(options, 'session') && asyncLocalStorage?.session != null) {
    // Only set session from asyncLocalStorage if `session` option wasn't originally passed in options
    saveOptions.session = asyncLocalStorage.session;
  }

  return saveOptions;
}

/*!
 * ignore
 */

Model.prototype.$__save = async function $__save(options) {
  try {
    const hasValidateBeforeSaveOption = options &&
      (typeof options === 'object') &&
      ('validateBeforeSave' in options);
    const shouldValidateBeforeSave = hasValidateBeforeSaveOption ?
      !!options.validateBeforeSave :
      this.$__schema.options.validateBeforeSave;
    if (shouldValidateBeforeSave) {
      const hasValidateModifiedOnlyOption = options != null &&
        typeof options === 'object' &&
        Object.hasOwn(options, 'validateModifiedOnly');
      const validateOptions = hasValidateModifiedOnlyOption ?
        { validateModifiedOnly: options.validateModifiedOnly } :
        null;
      await this.$validate(validateOptions);
      this.$op = 'save';
    }

    await this._execDocumentPreHooks('save', options, [options]);
  } catch (error) {
    await this._execDocumentPostHooks('save', options, error);
    return;
  }


  let result = null;
  let where = null;
  try {
    const saveOptions = _createSaveOptions(this, options);

    if (this.$isNew) {
      // send entire doc
      const obj = this.$__hasOnlyPrimitiveValues() ?
        this.$__toObjectShallow() :
        this.toObject(saveToObjectOptions);
      if ((obj || {})._id === void 0) {
        // documents must have an _id else mongoose won't know
        // what to update later if more changes are made. the user
        // wouldn't know what _id was generated by mongodb either
        // nor would the ObjectId generated by mongodb necessarily
        // match the schema definition.
        throw new MongooseError('document must have an _id before saving');
      }

      this.$__version(true, obj);
      this.$__reset();
      _setIsNew(this, false);
      // Make it possible to retry the insert
      this.$__.inserting = true;
      result = await this[modelCollectionSymbol].insertOne(obj, saveOptions).catch(err => {
        _setIsNew(this, true);
        throw err;
      });
    } else {
      // Make sure we don't treat it as a new object on error,
      // since it already exists
      this.$__.inserting = false;
      const pathsToSave = Array.isArray(options.pathsToSave) ? options.pathsToSave : null;
      const pathsToSaveSet = pathsToSave != null ? new Set(pathsToSave) : null;
      const delta = this.$__delta(pathsToSave, pathsToSaveSet);
      const unsavedDirty = pathsToSave != null ? (delta != null ? delta[2] : this.$__dirty()) : null;
      const unsavedDefaultPaths = pathsToSave != null
        ? Object.keys(this.$__.activePaths.getStatePaths('default')).filter(path => !isInPathsToSave(path, pathsToSaveSet, pathsToSave))
        : null;

      if (delta) {
        where = this.$__where(delta[0]);
        _applyCustomWhere(this, where);

        const update = delta[1];
        if (this.$__schema.options.minimize) {
          for (const updateOp of Object.values(update)) {
            if (updateOp == null) {
              continue;
            }
            for (const key of Object.keys(updateOp)) {
              if (updateOp[key] == null || typeof updateOp[key] !== 'object') {
                continue;
              }
              if (!utils.isPOJO(updateOp[key])) {
                continue;
              }
              minimize(updateOp[key]);
              if (utils.hasOwnKeys(updateOp[key]) === false) {
                delete updateOp[key];
                update.$unset = update.$unset || {};
                update.$unset[key] = 1;
              }
            }
          }
        }

        // store the modified paths before the document is reset
        this.$__.modifiedPaths = this.modifiedPaths();
        this.$__reset();
        restoreUnsavedState(this, unsavedDirty, unsavedDefaultPaths);

        _setIsNew(this, false);
        result = await this[modelCollectionSymbol].updateOne(where, update, saveOptions).catch(err => {
          this.$__undoReset();
          throw err;
        });
      } else {
        where = this.$__where();
        _applyCustomWhere(this, where);
        if (this.$__.version) {
          this.$__version(where, delta);
        }

        applyReadConcern(this.$__schema, saveOptions);
        result = await this.constructor.collection.findOne(where, { ...saveOptions, projection: { _id: 1 } })
          .then(documentExists => ({ matchedCount: !documentExists ? 0 : 1 }));
      }
    }
  } catch (err) {
    const error = this.$__schema._transformDuplicateKeyError(err);
    await this._execDocumentPostHooks('save', options, error);
    return;
  }

  let numAffected = 0;
  const writeConcern = options != null ?
    options.writeConcern != null ?
      options.writeConcern.w :
      options.w :
    0;
  if (writeConcern !== 0) {
    // Skip checking if write succeeded if writeConcern is set to
    // unacknowledged writes, because otherwise `numAffected` will always be 0
    if (result != null) {
      if (Array.isArray(result)) {
        numAffected = result.length;
      } else if (result.matchedCount != null) {
        numAffected = result.matchedCount;
      } else {
        numAffected = result;
      }
    }

    const versionBump = this.$__.version;
    // was this an update that required a version bump?
    if (versionBump && !this.$__.inserting) {
      const doIncrement = VERSION_INC === (VERSION_INC & this.$__.version);
      this.$__.version = undefined;
      const key = this.$__schema.options.versionKey;
      const version = this.$__getValue(key) || 0;
      if (numAffected <= 0) {
        // the update failed. pass an error back
        this.$__undoReset();
        const err = this.$__.$versionError ||
          new VersionError(this, version, this.$__.modifiedPaths);
        await this._execDocumentPostHooks('save', options, err);
        return;
      }

      // increment version if was successful
      if (doIncrement) {
        this.$__setValue(key, version + 1);
      }
    }
    if (result != null && numAffected <= 0) {
      this.$__undoReset();
      const error = new DocumentNotFoundError(where, this.constructor.modelName, numAffected, result);
      await this._execDocumentPostHooks('save', options, error);
      return;
    }
  }
  this.$__.saving = undefined;
  this.$__.savedState = {};
  this.$emit('save', this, numAffected);
  this.constructor.emit('save', this, numAffected);
  await this._execDocumentPostHooks('save', options);
};

/*!
 * Restores $__.activePaths state and any atomics for paths that failed
 * to save.
 *
 * @param {Document} doc
 * @param {object[]} unsavedDirty
 * @param {string[]} unsavedDefaultPaths
 */

function restoreUnsavedState(doc, unsavedDirty, unsavedDefaultPaths) {
  if (unsavedDirty == null) {
    return;
  }

  for (const dirty of unsavedDirty) {
    doc.$__.activePaths.modify(dirty.path);
    if (dirty.value?.[arrayAtomicsBackupSymbol]) {
      dirty.value[arrayAtomicsSymbol] = dirty.value[arrayAtomicsBackupSymbol];
      dirty.value[arrayAtomicsBackupSymbol] = null;
    }
  }

  for (const path of unsavedDefaultPaths) {
    doc.$__.activePaths.default(path);
  }
}

/*!
 * ignore
 */

function generateVersionError(doc, modifiedPaths, defaultPaths) {
  const key = doc.$__schema.options.versionKey;
  if (!key) {
    return null;
  }
  const version = doc.$__getValue(key) || 0;
  return new VersionError(doc, version, modifiedPaths.concat(defaultPaths));
}

/**
 * Saves this document by inserting a new document into the database if [document.isNew](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/document.html#Document.prototype.isNew) is `true`,
 * or sends an [updateOne](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/document.html#Document.prototype.updateOne()) operation with just the modified paths if `isNew` is `false`.
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     product.sold = Date.now();
 *     product = await product.save();
 *
 * If save is successful, the returned promise will fulfill with the document
 * saved.
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     const newProduct = await product.save();
 *     newProduct === product; // true
 *
 * @param {object} [options] options optional options
 * @param {Session} [options.session=null] the [session](https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/reference/server-sessions/) associated with this save operation. If not specified, defaults to the [document's associated session](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/document.html#Document.prototype.session()).
 * @param {object} [options.safe] (DEPRECATED) overrides [schema's safe option](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/guide.html#safe). Use the `w` option instead.
 * @param {boolean} [options.validateBeforeSave] set to false to save without validating.
 * @param {boolean} [options.validateModifiedOnly=false] if `true`, Mongoose will only validate modified paths, as opposed to modified paths and `required` paths.
 * @param {number|string} [options.w] set the [write concern](https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/reference/write-concern/#w-option). Overrides the [schema-level `writeConcern` option](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/guide.html#writeConcern)
 * @param {boolean} [options.j] set to true for MongoDB to wait until this `save()` has been [journaled before resolving the returned promise](https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/reference/write-concern/#j-option). Overrides the [schema-level `writeConcern` option](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/guide.html#writeConcern)
 * @param {number} [options.wtimeout] sets a [timeout for the write concern](https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/reference/write-concern/#wtimeout). Overrides the [schema-level `writeConcern` option](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/guide.html#writeConcern).
 * @param {boolean} [options.checkKeys=true] the MongoDB driver prevents you from saving keys that start with '$' or contain '.' by default. Set this option to `false` to skip that check. See [restrictions on field names](https://docs.mongodb.com/manual/reference/limits/#mongodb-limit-Restrictions-on-Field-Names)
 * @param {boolean} [options.timestamps=true] if `false` and [timestamps](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/guide.html#timestamps) are enabled, skip timestamps for this `save()`.
 * @param {Array} [options.pathsToSave] An array of paths that tell mongoose to only validate and save the paths in `pathsToSave`.
 * @param {boolean|object} [options.middleware=true] set to `false` to skip all user-defined middleware
 * @param {boolean} [options.middleware.pre=true] set to `false` to skip only pre hooks
 * @param {boolean} [options.middleware.post=true] set to `false` to skip only post hooks
 * @throws {DocumentNotFoundError} if this [save updates an existing document](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/document.html#Document.prototype.isNew) but the document doesn't exist in the database. For example, you will get this error if the document is [deleted between when you retrieved the document and when you saved it](documents.html#updating).
 * @return {Promise}
 * @api public
 * @see middleware https://mongoosejs.com/docs/middleware.html
 */

Model.prototype.save = async function save(options) {
  if (typeof options === 'function' || typeof arguments[1] === 'function') {
    throw new MongooseError('Model.prototype.save() no longer accepts a callback');
  }

  let parallelSave;
  this.$op = 'save';

  if (this.$__.saving) {
    parallelSave = new ParallelSaveError(this);
  } else {
    this.$__.saving = true;
  }

  options = new SaveOptions(options);
  if (Object.hasOwn(options, 'session')) {
    this.$session(options.session);
  }
  if (this.$__.timestamps != null) {
    options.timestamps = this.$__.timestamps;
  }
  if (!this.$isNew) {
    this.$__.$versionError = generateVersionError(
      this,
      this.modifiedPaths(),
      Object.keys(this.$__.activePaths.getStatePaths('default'))
    );
  }

  if (parallelSave) {
    this.$__handleReject(parallelSave);
    throw parallelSave;
  }

  this.$__.saveOptions = options;

  try {
    await this.$__save(options);
  } catch (error) {
    this.$__handleReject(error);
    throw error;
  } finally {
    this.$__.saving = null;
    this.$__.saveOptions = null;
    this.$__.$versionError = null;
    this.$op = null;
  }

  return this;
};

Model.prototype.$save = Model.prototype.save;

/**
 * Appends versioning to the where and update clauses.
 *
 * @api private
 * @method $__version
 * @memberOf Model
 * @instance
 */

Model.prototype.$__version = function(where, delta) {
  const key = this.$__schema.options.versionKey;
  if (where === true) {
    // this is an insert
    if (key) {
      setDottedPath(delta, key, 0);
      this.$__setValue(key, 0);
    }
    return;
  }

  if (key === false) {
    return;
  }

  // updates

  // only apply versioning if our versionKey was selected. else
  // there is no way to select the correct version. we could fail
  // fast here and force them to include the versionKey but
  // thats a bit intrusive. can we do this automatically?

  if (!this.$__isSelected(key)) {
    return;
  }

  // $push $addToSet don't need the where clause set
  if (VERSION_WHERE === (VERSION_WHERE & this.$__.version)) {
    const value = this.$__getValue(key);
    if (value != null) where[key] = value;
  }

  if (VERSION_INC === (VERSION_INC & this.$__.version)) {
    if (get(delta.$set, key, null) != null) {
      // Version key is getting set, means we'll increment the doc's version
      // after a successful save, so we should set the incremented version so
      // future saves don't fail (gh-5779)
      ++delta.$set[key];
    } else {
      delta.$inc = delta.$inc || {};
      delta.$inc[key] = 1;
    }
  }
};

/**
 * Signal that we desire an increment of this documents version.
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     const doc = await Model.findById(id);
 *     doc.increment();
 *     await doc.save();
 *
 * @see versionKeys https://mongoosejs.com/docs/guide.html#versionKey
 * @memberOf Model
 * @method increment
 * @api public
 */

Model.prototype.increment = function increment() {
  this.$__.version = VERSION_ALL;
  return this;
};

/**
 * Returns a query object
 *
 * @api private
 * @method $__where
 * @memberOf Model
 * @instance
 */

Model.prototype.$__where = function _where(where) {
  where || (where = {});

  if (!where._id) {
    where._id = this._doc._id;
  }

  if (this._doc._id === void 0) {
    throw new MongooseError('No _id found on document!');
  }

  return where;
};

/**
 * Delete this document from the db. Returns a Query instance containing a `deleteOne` operation by this document's `_id`.
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     await product.deleteOne();
 *     await Product.findById(product._id); // null
 *
 * Since `deleteOne()` returns a Query, the `deleteOne()` will **not** execute unless you use either `await`, `.then()`, `.catch()`, or [`.exec()`](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/query.html#Query.prototype.exec())
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     product.deleteOne(); // Doesn't do anything
 *     product.deleteOne().exec(); // Deletes the document, returns a promise
 *
 * @return {Query} Query
 * @api public
 */

Model.prototype.deleteOne = function deleteOne(options) {
  if (typeof options === 'function' ||
      typeof arguments[1] === 'function') {
    throw new MongooseError('Model.prototype.deleteOne() no longer accepts a callback');
  }

  if (!options) {
    options = {};
  }

  if (Object.hasOwn(options, 'session')) {
    this.$session(options.session);
  }

  const self = this;
  const where = this.$__where();
  const query = self.constructor.deleteOne();

  if (this.$session() != null) {
    if (!('session' in query.options)) {
      query.options.session = this.$session();
    }
  }

  const preFilter = buildMiddlewareFilter(options, 'pre');
  const postFilter = buildMiddlewareFilter(options, 'post');

  query.pre(async function queryPreDeleteOne() {
    const res = await self.constructor._middleware.execPre('deleteOne', self, [self, options], { filter: preFilter });
    // `self` is passed to pre hooks as argument for backwards compatibility, but that
    // isn't the actual arguments passed to the wrapped function.
    if (res[0] !== self || res[1] !== options) {
      throw new MongooseError('Document deleteOne pre hooks cannot overwrite arguments');
    }
    query.deleteOne(where, options);
    // Apply custom where conditions _after_ document deleteOne middleware for
    // consistency with save() - sharding plugin needs to set $where
    if (self.$where != null) {
      this.where(self.$where);
    }
    return res;
  });
  query.pre(function callSubdocPreHooks() {
    return Promise.all(self.$getAllSubdocs().map(subdoc => subdoc.constructor._middleware.execPre('deleteOne', subdoc, [subdoc], { filter: preFilter })));
  });
  query.pre(function skipIfAlreadyDeleted() {
    if (self.$__.isDeleted) {
      throw new Kareem.skipWrappedFunction();
    }
  });
  query.post(function callSubdocPostHooks() {
    return Promise.all(self.$getAllSubdocs().map(subdoc => subdoc.constructor._middleware.execPost('deleteOne', subdoc, [subdoc], { filter: postFilter })));
  });
  query.post(function queryPostDeleteOne() {
    return self.constructor._middleware.execPost('deleteOne', self, [self], { filter: postFilter });
  });
  query.transform(function setIsDeleted(result) {
    if (result?.deletedCount > 0) {
      self.$isDeleted(true);
    }
    return result;
  });

  return query;
};

/**
 * Returns the model instance used to create this document if no `name` specified.
 * If `name` specified, returns the model with the given `name`.
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     const doc = new Tank({});
 *     doc.$model() === Tank; // true
 *     await doc.$model('User').findById(id);
 *
 * @param {string} [name] model name
 * @method $model
 * @api public
 * @return {Model}
 */

Model.prototype.$model = function $model(name) {
  if (arguments.length === 0) {
    return this.constructor;
  }
  return this[modelDbSymbol].model(name);
};

/**
 * Returns the model instance used to create this document if no `name` specified.
 * If `name` specified, returns the model with the given `name`.
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     const doc = new Tank({});
 *     doc.$model() === Tank; // true
 *     await doc.$model('User').findById(id);
 *
 * @param {string} [name] model name
 * @method model
 * @api public
 * @return {Model}
 */

Model.prototype.model = Model.prototype.$model;

/**
 * Returns a document with `_id` only if at least one document exists in the database that matches
 * the given `filter`, and `null` otherwise.
 *
 * Under the hood, `MyModel.exists({ answer: 42 })` is equivalent to
 * `MyModel.findOne({ answer: 42 }).select({ _id: 1 }).lean()`
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     await Character.deleteMany({});
 *     await Character.create({ name: 'Jean-Luc Picard' });
 *
 *     await Character.exists({ name: /picard/i }); // { _id: ... }
 *     await Character.exists({ name: /riker/i }); // null
 *
 * This function triggers the following middleware.
 *
 * - `findOne()`
 *
 * @param {object} filter
 * @param {object} [options] optional see [`Query.prototype.setOptions()`](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/query.html#Query.prototype.setOptions())
 * @return {Query}
 */

Model.exists = function exists(filter, options) {
  _checkContext(this, 'exists');
  if (typeof arguments[2] === 'function') {
    throw new MongooseError('Model.exists() no longer accepts a callback');
  }

  const query = this.findOne(filter).
    select({ _id: 1 }).
    lean().
    setOptions(options);

  return query;
};

/**
 * Adds a discriminator type.
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     function BaseSchema() {
 *       Schema.apply(this, arguments);
 *
 *       this.add({
 *         name: String,
 *         createdAt: Date
 *       });
 *     }
 *     util.inherits(BaseSchema, Schema);
 *
 *     const PersonSchema = new BaseSchema();
 *     const BossSchema = new BaseSchema({ department: String });
 *
 *     const Person = mongoose.model('Person', PersonSchema);
 *     const Boss = Person.discriminator('Boss', BossSchema);
 *     new Boss().__t; // "Boss". `__t` is the default `discriminatorKey`
 *
 *     const employeeSchema = new Schema({ boss: ObjectId });
 *     const Employee = Person.discriminator('Employee', employeeSchema, 'staff');
 *     new Employee().__t; // "staff" because of 3rd argument above
 *
 * @param {string} name discriminator model name
 * @param {Schema} schema discriminator model schema
 * @param {object|string} [options] If string, same as `options.value`.
 * @param {string} [options.value] the string stored in the `discriminatorKey` property. If not specified, Mongoose uses the `name` parameter.
 * @param {boolean} [options.clone=true] By default, `discriminator()` clones the given `schema`. Set to `false` to skip cloning.
 * @param {boolean} [options.overwriteModels=false] by default, Mongoose does not allow you to define a discriminator with the same name as another discriminator. Set this to allow overwriting discriminators with the same name.
 * @param {boolean} [options.mergeHooks=true] By default, Mongoose merges the base schema's hooks with the discriminator schema's hooks. Set this option to `false` to make Mongoose use the discriminator schema's hooks instead.
 * @param {boolean} [options.mergePlugins=true] By default, Mongoose merges the base schema's plugins with the discriminator schema's plugins. Set this option to `false` to make Mongoose use the discriminator schema's plugins instead.
 * @return {Model} The newly created discriminator model
 * @api public
 */

Model.discriminator = function(name, schema, options) {
  let model;
  if (typeof name === 'function') {
    model = name;
    name = utils.getFunctionName(model);
    if (!(model.prototype instanceof Model)) {
      throw new MongooseError('The provided class ' + name + ' must extend Model');
    }
  }

  options = options || {};
  const value = utils.isPOJO(options) ? options.value : options;
  const clone = typeof options.clone === 'boolean' ? options.clone : true;
  const mergePlugins = typeof options.mergePlugins === 'boolean' ? options.mergePlugins : true;
  const overwriteModels = typeof options.overwriteModels === 'boolean' ? options.overwriteModels : false;

  _checkContext(this, 'discriminator');

  if (utils.isObject(schema) && !schema.instanceOfSchema) {
    schema = new Schema(schema);
  }
  if (schema instanceof Schema && clone) {
    schema = schema.clone();
  }

  schema = discriminator(this, name, schema, value, mergePlugins, options.mergeHooks, overwriteModels);
  if (this.db.models[name] && !schema.options.overwriteModels && !overwriteModels) {
    throw new OverwriteModelError(name);
  }

  schema.$isRootDiscriminator = true;
  schema.$globalPluginsApplied = true;

  model = this.db.model(model || name, schema, this.$__collection.name);
  this.discriminators[name] = model;
  const d = this.discriminators[name];
  Object.setPrototypeOf(d.prototype, this.prototype);
  Object.defineProperty(d, 'baseModelName', {
    value: this.modelName,
    configurable: true,
    writable: false
  });

  // apply methods and statics
  applyMethods(d, schema);
  applyStatics(d, schema);

  if (this[subclassedSymbol] != null) {
    for (const submodel of this[subclassedSymbol]) {
      submodel.discriminators = submodel.discriminators || {};
      submodel.discriminators[name] =
        model.__subclass(model.db, schema, submodel.collection.name);
    }
  }

  return d;
};

/**
 * Make sure `this` is a model
 * @api private
 */

function _checkContext(ctx, fnName) {
  // Check context, because it is easy to mistakenly type
  // `new Model.discriminator()` and get an incomprehensible error
  if (ctx == null || ctx === global) {
    throw new MongooseError('`Model.' + fnName + '()` cannot run without a ' +
      'model as `this`. Make sure you are calling `MyModel.' + fnName + '()` ' +
      'where `MyModel` is a Mongoose model.');
  } else if (ctx[modelSymbol] == null) {
    throw new MongooseError('`Model.' + fnName + '()` cannot run without a ' +
      'model as `this`. Make sure you are not calling ' +
      '`new Model.' + fnName + '()`');
  }
}

// Model (class) features

/*!
 * Give the constructor the ability to emit events.
 */

for (const i in EventEmitter.prototype) {
  Model[i] = EventEmitter.prototype[i];
}

/**
 * This function is responsible for initializing the underlying connection in MongoDB based on schema options.
 * This function performs the following operations:
 *
 * - `createCollection()` unless [`autoCreate`](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/guide.html#autoCreate) option is turned off
 * - `ensureIndexes()` unless [`autoIndex`](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/guide.html#autoIndex) option is turned off
 * - `createSearchIndex()` on all schema search indexes if `autoSearchIndex` is enabled.
 *
 * Mongoose calls this function automatically when a model is a created using
 * [`mongoose.model()`](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/mongoose.html#Mongoose.prototype.model()) or
 * [`connection.model()`](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/connection.html#Connection.prototype.model()), so you
 * don't need to call `init()` to trigger index builds.
 *
 * However, you _may_ need to call `init()`  to get back a promise that will resolve when your indexes are finished.
 * Calling `await Model.init()` is helpful if you need to wait for indexes to build before continuing.
 * For example, if you want to wait for unique indexes to build before continuing with a test case.
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     const eventSchema = new Schema({ thing: { type: 'string', unique: true } })
 *     // This calls `Event.init()` implicitly, so you don't need to call
 *     // `Event.init()` on your own.
 *     const Event = mongoose.model('Event', eventSchema);
 *
 *     await Event.init();
 *     console.log('Indexes are done building!');
 *
 * @api public
 * @returns {Promise}
 */

Model.init = function init() {
  _checkContext(this, 'init');
  if (typeof arguments[0] === 'function') {
    throw new MongooseError('Model.init() no longer accepts a callback');
  }

  this.schema.emit('init', this);

  if (this.$init != null) {
    return this.$init;
  }

  const conn = this.db;
  const _ensureIndexes = async() => {
    const autoIndex = utils.getOption(
      'autoIndex',
      this.schema.options,
      conn.config,
      conn.base.options
    );
    if (!autoIndex) {
      return;
    }
    return await this.ensureIndexes({ _automatic: true });
  };
  const _createSearchIndexes = async() => {
    const autoSearchIndex = utils.getOption(
      'autoSearchIndex',
      this.schema.options,
      conn.config,
      conn.base.options
    );
    if (!autoSearchIndex) {
      return;
    }

    return await this.createSearchIndexes();
  };
  const _createCollection = async() => {
    let autoCreate = utils.getOption(
      'autoCreate',
      this.schema.options,
      conn.config
      // No base.options here because we don't want to take the base value if the connection hasn't
      // set it yet
    );
    if (autoCreate == null) {
      // `autoCreate` may later be set when the connection is opened, so wait for connect before checking
      await conn._waitForConnect(true);
      autoCreate = utils.getOption(
        'autoCreate',
        this.schema.options,
        conn.config,
        conn.base.options
      );
    }

    if (!autoCreate) {
      return;
    }

    return await this.createCollection();
  };

  this.$init = _createCollection().
    then(() => _ensureIndexes()).
    then(() => _createSearchIndexes());

  const _catch = this.$init.catch;
  const _this = this;
  this.$init.catch = function() {
    _this.$caught = true;
    return _catch.apply(_this.$init, arguments);
  };

  return this.$init;
};


/**
 * Create the collection for this model. By default, if no indexes are specified,
 * mongoose will not create the collection for the model until any documents are
 * created. Use this method to create the collection explicitly.
 *
 * Note 1: You may need to call this before starting a transaction
 * See https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/core/transactions/#transactions-and-operations
 *
 * Note 2: You don't have to call this if your schema contains index or unique field.
 * In that case, just use `Model.init()`
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     const userSchema = new Schema({ name: String })
 *     const User = mongoose.model('User', userSchema);
 *
 *     User.createCollection().then(function(collection) {
 *       console.log('Collection is created!');
 *     });
 *
 * @api public
 * @param {object} [options] see [MongoDB driver docs](https://mongodb.github.io/node-mongodb-native/7.0/classes/Db.html#createCollection)
 * @returns {Promise}
 */

Model.createCollection = async function createCollection(options) {
  _checkContext(this, 'createCollection');
  if (typeof arguments[0] === 'function' || typeof arguments[1] === 'function') {
    throw new MongooseError('Model.createCollection() no longer accepts a callback');
  }

  const preFilter = buildMiddlewareFilter(options, 'pre');
  const postFilter = buildMiddlewareFilter(options, 'post');

  // Remove middleware option before passing to MongoDB
  if (options?.middleware != null) {
    options = { ...options };
    delete options.middleware;
  }

  [options] = await this.hooks.execPre('createCollection', this, [options], { filter: preFilter }).catch(err => {
    if (err instanceof Kareem.skipWrappedFunction) {
      return [err];
    }
    throw err;
  });

  const collectionOptions = this?.schema?.options?.collectionOptions;
  if (collectionOptions != null) {
    options = Object.assign({}, collectionOptions, options);
  }

  const schemaCollation = this?.schema?.options?.collation;
  if (schemaCollation != null) {
    options = Object.assign({ collation: schemaCollation }, options);
  }
  const capped = this?.schema?.options?.capped;
  if (capped != null) {
    if (typeof capped === 'number') {
      options = Object.assign({ capped: true, size: capped }, options);
    } else if (typeof capped === 'object') {
      options = Object.assign({ capped: true }, capped, options);
    }
  }
  const timeseries = this?.schema?.options?.timeseries;
  if (timeseries != null) {
    options = Object.assign({ timeseries }, options);
    if (options.expireAfterSeconds != null) {
      // do nothing
    } else if (options.expires != null) {
      utils.expires(options);
    } else if (this.schema.options.expireAfterSeconds != null) {
      options.expireAfterSeconds = this.schema.options.expireAfterSeconds;
    } else if (this.schema.options.expires != null) {
      options.expires = this.schema.options.expires;
      utils.expires(options);
    }
  }

  const clusteredIndex = this?.schema?.options?.clusteredIndex;
  if (clusteredIndex != null) {
    options = Object.assign({ clusteredIndex: { ...clusteredIndex, unique: true } }, options);
  }

  try {
    if (!(options instanceof Kareem.skipWrappedFunction)) {
      await this.db.createCollection(this.$__collection.collectionName, options);
    }
  } catch (err) {
    if (err != null && (err.name !== 'MongoServerError' || err.code !== 48)) {
      await this.hooks.execPost('createCollection', this, [null], { error: err, filter: postFilter });
    }
  }

  await this.hooks.execPost('createCollection', this, [this.$__collection], { filter: postFilter });

  return this.$__collection;
};

/**
 * Makes the indexes in MongoDB match the indexes defined in this model's
 * schema. This function will drop any indexes that are not defined in
 * the model's schema except the `_id` index, and build any indexes that
 * are in your schema but not in MongoDB.
 *
 * See the [introductory blog post](https://thecodebarbarian.com/whats-new-in-mongoose-5-2-syncindexes)
 * for more information.
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     const schema = new Schema({ name: { type: String, unique: true } });
 *     const Customer = mongoose.model('Customer', schema);
 *     await Customer.collection.createIndex({ age: 1 }); // Index is not in schema
 *     // Will drop the 'age' index and create an index on `name`
 *     await Customer.syncIndexes();
 *
 * You should be careful about running `syncIndexes()` on production applications under heavy load,
 * because index builds are expensive operations, and unexpected index drops can lead to degraded
 * performance. Before running `syncIndexes()`, you can use the [`diffIndexes()` function](#Model.diffIndexes())
 * to check what indexes `syncIndexes()` will drop and create.
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     const { toDrop, toCreate } = await Model.diffIndexes();
 *     toDrop; // Array of strings containing names of indexes that `syncIndexes()` will drop
 *     toCreate; // Array of strings containing names of indexes that `syncIndexes()` will create
 *
 * @param {object} [options] options to pass to `ensureIndexes()`
 * @param {boolean} [options.hideIndexes=false] set to `true` to hide indexes instead of dropping. Requires MongoDB server 4.4 or higher
 * @return {Promise}
 * @api public
 */

Model.syncIndexes = async function syncIndexes(options) {
  _checkContext(this, 'syncIndexes');
  if (typeof arguments[0] === 'function' || typeof arguments[1] === 'function') {
    throw new MongooseError('Model.syncIndexes() no longer accepts a callback');
  }

  const autoCreate = options?.autoCreate ??
    this.schema.options?.autoCreate ??
    this.db.config.autoCreate ??
    this.db.base?.options?.autoCreate ??
    true;

  if (autoCreate) {
    try {
      await this.createCollection();
    } catch (err) {
      if (err != null && (err.name !== 'MongoServerError' || err.code !== 48)) {
        throw err;
      }
    }
  }

  const diffIndexesResult = await this.diffIndexes({ indexOptionsToCreate: true });
  const dropped = await this.cleanIndexes({ ...options, toDrop: diffIndexesResult.toDrop });
  await this.createIndexes({ ...options, toCreate: diffIndexesResult.toCreate });

  return dropped;
};

/**
 * Create an [Atlas search index](https://www.mongodb.com/docs/atlas/atlas-search/create-index/).
 * This function only works when connected to MongoDB Atlas.
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     const schema = new Schema({ name: { type: String, unique: true } });
 *     const Customer = mongoose.model('Customer', schema);
 *     await Customer.createSearchIndex({ name: 'test', definition: { mappings: { dynamic: true } } });
 *
 * @param {object} description index options, including `name` and `definition`
 * @param {string} description.name
 * @param {object} description.definition
 * @return {Promise}
 * @api public
 */

Model.createSearchIndex = async function createSearchIndex(description) {
  _checkContext(this, 'createSearchIndex');

  return await this.$__collection.createSearchIndex(description);
};

/**
 * Update an existing [Atlas search index](https://www.mongodb.com/docs/atlas/atlas-search/create-index/).
 * This function only works when connected to MongoDB Atlas.
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     const schema = new Schema({ name: { type: String, unique: true } });
 *     const Customer = mongoose.model('Customer', schema);
 *     await Customer.updateSearchIndex('test', { mappings: { dynamic: true } });
 *
 * @param {string} name
 * @param {object} definition
 * @return {Promise}
 * @api public
 */

Model.updateSearchIndex = async function updateSearchIndex(name, definition) {
  _checkContext(this, 'updateSearchIndex');

  return await this.$__collection.updateSearchIndex(name, definition);
};

/**
 * Delete an existing [Atlas search index](https://www.mongodb.com/docs/atlas/atlas-search/create-index/) by name.
 * This function only works when connected to MongoDB Atlas.
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     const schema = new Schema({ name: { type: String, unique: true } });
 *     const Customer = mongoose.model('Customer', schema);
 *     await Customer.dropSearchIndex('test');
 *
 * @param {string} name
 * @return {Promise}
 * @api public
 */

Model.dropSearchIndex = async function dropSearchIndex(name) {
  _checkContext(this, 'dropSearchIndex');

  return await this.$__collection.dropSearchIndex(name);
};

/**
 * List all [Atlas search indexes](https://www.mongodb.com/docs/atlas/atlas-search/create-index/) on this model's collection.
 * This function only works when connected to MongoDB Atlas.
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     const schema = new Schema({ name: { type: String, unique: true } });
 *     const Customer = mongoose.model('Customer', schema);
 *
 *     await Customer.createSearchIndex({ name: 'test', definition: { mappings: { dynamic: true } } });
 *     const res = await Customer.listSearchIndexes(); // Includes `[{ name: 'test' }]`
 *
 * @param {object} [options]
 * @return {Promise<Array>}
 * @api public
 */

Model.listSearchIndexes = async function listSearchIndexes(options) {
  _checkContext(this, 'listSearchIndexes');

  const cursor = await this.$__collection.listSearchIndexes(options);

  return await cursor.toArray();
};

/**
 * Does a dry-run of `Model.syncIndexes()`, returning the indexes that `syncIndexes()` would drop and create if you were to run `syncIndexes()`.
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     const { toDrop, toCreate } = await Model.diffIndexes();
 *     toDrop; // Array of strings containing names of indexes that `syncIndexes()` will drop
 *     toCreate; // Array of index specs containing the keys of indexes that `syncIndexes()` will create
 *
 * @param {object} [options]
 * @param {boolean} [options.indexOptionsToCreate=false] If true, `toCreate` will include both the index spec and the index options, not just the index spec
 * @return {Promise<object>} contains the indexes that would be dropped in MongoDB and indexes that would be created in MongoDB as `{ toDrop: string[], toCreate: string[] }`.
 */

Model.diffIndexes = async function diffIndexes(options) {
  if (typeof arguments[0] === 'function' || typeof arguments[1] === 'function') {
    throw new MongooseError('Model.syncIndexes() no longer accepts a callback');
  }

  const model = this;

  let dbIndexes = await model.listIndexes().catch(err => {
    if (err.codeName == 'NamespaceNotFound') {
      return undefined;
    }
    throw err;
  });
  if (dbIndexes === undefined) {
    dbIndexes = [];
  }
  dbIndexes = getRelatedDBIndexes(model, dbIndexes);

  const schema = model.schema;
  const schemaIndexes = getRelatedSchemaIndexes(model, schema.indexes());

  const toDrop = getIndexesToDrop(schema, schemaIndexes, dbIndexes);
  const toCreate = getIndexesToCreate(schema, schemaIndexes, dbIndexes, toDrop, options);

  return { toDrop, toCreate };
};

function getIndexesToCreate(schema, schemaIndexes, dbIndexes, toDrop, options) {
  const toCreate = [];
  const indexOptionsToCreate = options?.indexOptionsToCreate ?? false;

  for (const [schemaIndexKeysObject, schemaIndexOptions] of schemaIndexes) {
    let found = false;

    const options = decorateDiscriminatorIndexOptions(schema, clone(schemaIndexOptions));

    for (const index of dbIndexes) {
      if (isDefaultIdIndex(index)) {
        continue;
      }
      if (
        isIndexEqual(schemaIndexKeysObject, options, index) &&
        !toDrop.includes(index.name)
      ) {
        found = true;
        break;
      }
    }

    if (!found) {
      if (indexOptionsToCreate) {
        toCreate.push([schemaIndexKeysObject, schemaIndexOptions]);
      } else {
        toCreate.push(schemaIndexKeysObject);
      }
    }
  }

  return toCreate;
}

function getIndexesToDrop(schema, schemaIndexes, dbIndexes) {
  const toDrop = [];

  for (const dbIndex of dbIndexes) {
    let found = false;
    // Never try to drop `_id` index, MongoDB server doesn't allow it
    if (isDefaultIdIndex(dbIndex)) {
      continue;
    }
    // Timeseries collections have a default index on { timeField: 1, metaField: 1 }.
    if (isTimeseriesIndex(dbIndex, schema.options)) {
      continue;
    }

    for (const [schemaIndexKeysObject, schemaIndexOptions] of schemaIndexes) {
      const options = decorateDiscriminatorIndexOptions(schema, clone(schemaIndexOptions));
      applySchemaCollation(schemaIndexKeysObject, options, schema.options);

      if (isIndexEqual(schemaIndexKeysObject, options, dbIndex)) {
        found = true;
        break;
      }
    }

    if (found) {
      continue;
    }

    toDrop.push(dbIndex.name);
  }

  return toDrop;
}
/**
 * Deletes all indexes that aren't defined in this model's schema. Used by
 * `syncIndexes()`.
 *
 * The returned promise resolves to a list of the dropped indexes' names as an array
 *
 * @param {object} [options]
 * @param {string[]} [options.toDrop] if specified, contains a list of index names to drop
 * @param {boolean} [options.hideIndexes=false] set to `true` to hide indexes instead of dropping. Requires MongoDB server 4.4 or higher
 * @return {Promise<string[]>} list of dropped or hidden index names
 * @api public
 */

Model.cleanIndexes = async function cleanIndexes(options) {
  _checkContext(this, 'cleanIndexes');
  if (typeof arguments[0] === 'function' || typeof arguments[1] === 'function') {
    throw new MongooseError('Model.cleanIndexes() no longer accepts a callback');
  }
  const model = this;

  if (Array.isArray(options?.toDrop)) {
    const res = await _dropIndexes(options.toDrop, model, options);
    return res;
  }

  const res = await model.diffIndexes();
  return await _dropIndexes(res.toDrop, model, options);
};

async function _dropIndexes(toDrop, model, options) {
  if (toDrop.length === 0) {
    return [];
  }

  const collection = model.$__collection;
  if (options?.hideIndexes) {
    await Promise.all(toDrop.map(indexName => {
      return model.db.db.command({
        collMod: collection.collectionName,
        index: { name: indexName, hidden: true }
      });
    }));
  } else {
    await Promise.all(toDrop.map(indexName => collection.dropIndex(indexName)));
  }

  return toDrop;
}

/**
 * Lists the indexes currently defined in MongoDB. This may or may not be
 * the same as the indexes defined in your schema depending on whether you
 * use the [`autoIndex` option](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/guide.html#autoIndex) and if you
 * build indexes manually.
 *
 * @return {Promise}
 * @api public
 */

Model.listIndexes = async function listIndexes() {
  _checkContext(this, 'listIndexes');
  if (typeof arguments[0] === 'function') {
    throw new MongooseError('Model.listIndexes() no longer accepts a callback');
  }

  if (this.$__collection.buffer) {
    await new Promise(resolve => {
      this.$__collection.addQueue(resolve);
    });
  }

  return this.$__collection.listIndexes().toArray();
};

/**
 * Sends `createIndex` commands to mongo for each index declared in the schema.
 * The `createIndex` commands are sent in series.
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     await Event.ensureIndexes();
 *
 * After completion, an `index` event is emitted on this `Model` passing an error if one occurred.
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     const eventSchema = new Schema({ thing: { type: 'string', unique: true } })
 *     const Event = mongoose.model('Event', eventSchema);
 *
 *     Event.on('index', function (err) {
 *       if (err) console.error(err); // error occurred during index creation
 *     });
 *
 * _NOTE: It is not recommended that you run this in production. Index creation may impact database performance depending on your load. Use with caution._
 *
 * @param {object} [options] internal options
 * @return {Promise}
 * @api public
 */

Model.ensureIndexes = async function ensureIndexes(options) {
  _checkContext(this, 'ensureIndexes');
  if (typeof arguments[0] === 'function' || typeof arguments[1] === 'function') {
    throw new MongooseError('Model.ensureIndexes() no longer accepts a callback');
  }

  await new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
    _ensureIndexes(this, options, (err) => {
      if (err != null) {
        return reject(err);
      }
      resolve();
    });
  });
};

/**
 * Similar to `ensureIndexes()`, except for it uses the [`createIndex`](https://mongodb.github.io/node-mongodb-native/7.0/classes/Db.html#createIndex)
 * function.
 *
 * @param {object} [options] internal options
 * @return {Promise}
 * @api public
 */

Model.createIndexes = async function createIndexes(options) {
  _checkContext(this, 'createIndexes');

  if (typeof arguments[0] === 'function' || typeof arguments[1] === 'function') {
    throw new MongooseError('Model.createIndexes() no longer accepts a callback');
  }

  return this.ensureIndexes(options);
};


/*!
 * ignore
 */

function _ensureIndexes(model, options, callback) {
  const indexes = Array.isArray(options?.toCreate) ? options.toCreate : model.schema.indexes();
  let indexError;

  options = options || {};
  const done = function(err) {
    if (err && !model.$caught) {
      model.emit('error', err);
    }
    model.emit('index', err || indexError);
    callback && callback(err || indexError);
  };

  for (const index of indexes) {
    if (isDefaultIdIndex(index)) {
      utils.warn('mongoose: Cannot specify a custom index on `_id` for ' +
        'model name "' + model.modelName + '", ' +
        'MongoDB does not allow overwriting the default `_id` index. See ' +
        'https://bit.ly/mongodb-id-index');
    }
  }

  // Check for duplicate index definitions (gh-15056)
  const seenIndexes = [];
  for (const index of indexes) {
    const fields = index[0];
    const indexOptions = index[1];
    if (indexOptions.name == null) {
      for (const existingIndex of seenIndexes) {
        if (existingIndex[1].name == null && isIndexSpecEqual(existingIndex[0], fields)) {
          utils.warn('mongoose: Duplicate schema index on ' + JSON.stringify(fields) +
            ' for model "' + model.modelName + '". ' +
            'This is often due to declaring an index using both "index: true" and "schema.index()". ' +
            'Please remove the duplicate index definition.');
          break;
        }
      }
    }
    seenIndexes.push(index);
  }

  if (!indexes.length) {
    immediate(function() {
      done();
    });
    return;
  }
  // Indexes are created one-by-one

  const indexSingleDone = function(err, fields, options, name) {
    model.emit('index-single-done', err, fields, options, name);
  };
  const indexSingleStart = function(fields, options) {
    model.emit('index-single-start', fields, options);
  };

  const baseSchema = model.schema._baseSchema;
  const baseSchemaIndexes = baseSchema ? baseSchema.indexes() : [];

  immediate(function() {
    // If buffering is off, do this manually.
    if (options._automatic && !model.collection.collection) {
      model.collection.addQueue(create, []);
    } else {
      create();
    }
  });


  function create() {
    if (options._automatic) {
      if (model.schema.options.autoIndex === false ||
          (model.schema.options.autoIndex == null && model.db.config.autoIndex === false)) {
        return done();
      }
    }

    const index = indexes.shift();
    if (!index) {
      return done();
    }
    if (options._automatic && index[1]._autoIndex === false) {
      return create();
    }

    if (baseSchemaIndexes.find(i => utils.deepEqual(i, index))) {
      return create();
    }

    const indexFields = clone(index[0]);
    const indexOptions = clone(index[1]);

    delete indexOptions._autoIndex;
    decorateDiscriminatorIndexOptions(model.schema, indexOptions);
    applyWriteConcern(model.schema, indexOptions);
    applySchemaCollation(indexFields, indexOptions, model.schema.options);

    indexSingleStart(indexFields, options);

    // Just in case `createIndex()` throws a sync error
    let promise = null;
    try {
      promise = model.collection.createIndex(indexFields, indexOptions);
    } catch (err) {
      if (!indexError) {
        indexError = err;
      }
      if (!model.$caught) {
        model.emit('error', err);
      }

      indexSingleDone(err, indexFields, indexOptions);
      create();
      return;
    }

    promise.then(
      name => {
        indexSingleDone(null, indexFields, indexOptions, name);
        create();
      },
      err => {
        if (!indexError) {
          indexError = err;
        }
        if (!model.$caught) {
          model.emit('error', err);
        }

        indexSingleDone(err, indexFields, indexOptions);
        create();
      }
    );
  }
}

/**
 * Creates all [Atlas search indexes](https://www.mongodb.com/docs/atlas/atlas-search/create-index/) defined in this model's schema.
 * This function only works when connected to MongoDB Atlas.
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     const schema = new Schema({
 *       name: String,
 *       description: String
 *     });
 *     schema.searchIndex({ name: 'test', definition: { mappings: { dynamic: true } } });
 *     const Product = mongoose.model('Product', schema);
 *
 *     // Creates the search index defined in the schema
 *     await Product.createSearchIndexes();
 *
 * @api public
 * @return {Promise} resolves to the results of creating the search indexes
 */

Model.createSearchIndexes = async function createSearchIndexes() {
  _checkContext(this, 'createSearchIndexes');
  const results = [];
  for (const searchIndex of this.schema._searchIndexes) {
    results.push(await this.createSearchIndex(searchIndex));
  }
  return results;
};

/**
 * Schema the model uses.
 *
 * @property schema
 * @static
 * @api public
 * @memberOf Model
 */

Model.schema;

/**
 * Connection instance the model uses.
 *
 * @property db
 * @static
 * @api public
 * @memberOf Model
 */

Model.db;

/**
 * Collection the model uses.
 *
 * @property collection
 * @api public
 * @memberOf Model
 */

Model.collection;

/**
 * Internal collection the model uses.
 *
 * @property collection
 * @api private
 * @memberOf Model
 */
Model.$__collection;

/**
 * Base Mongoose instance the model uses.
 *
 * @property base
 * @api public
 * @memberOf Model
 */

Model.base;

/**
 * Registered discriminators for this model.
 *
 * @property discriminators
 * @api public
 * @memberOf Model
 */

Model.discriminators;

/**
 * Translate any aliases fields/conditions so the final query or document object is pure
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     await Character.find(Character.translateAliases({
 *        '名': 'Eddard Stark' // Alias for 'name'
 *     });
 *
 * By default, `translateAliases()` overwrites raw fields with aliased fields.
 * So if `n` is an alias for `name`, `{ n: 'alias', name: 'raw' }` will resolve to `{ name: 'alias' }`.
 * However, you can set the `errorOnDuplicates` option to throw an error if there are potentially conflicting paths.
 * The `translateAliases` option for queries uses `errorOnDuplicates`.
 *
 * #### Note:
 *
 * Only translate arguments of object type anything else is returned raw
 *
 * @param {object} fields fields/conditions that may contain aliased keys
 * @param {boolean} [errorOnDuplicates] if true, throw an error if there's both a key and an alias for that key in `fields`
 * @return {object} the translated 'pure' fields/conditions
 */
Model.translateAliases = function translateAliases(fields, errorOnDuplicates) {
  _checkContext(this, 'translateAliases');

  const translate = (key, value) => {
    let alias;
    const translated = [];
    const fieldKeys = key.split('.');
    let currentSchema = this.schema;
    for (const i in fieldKeys) {
      const name = fieldKeys[i];
      if (currentSchema?.aliases[name]) {
        alias = currentSchema.aliases[name];
        if (errorOnDuplicates && alias in fields) {
          throw new MongooseError(`Provided object has both field "${name}" and its alias "${alias}"`);
        }
        // Alias found,
        translated.push(alias);
      } else {
        alias = name;
        // Alias not found, so treat as un-aliased key
        translated.push(name);
      }

      // Check if aliased path is a schema
      if (currentSchema?.paths[alias]) {
        currentSchema = currentSchema.paths[alias].schema;
      }
      else
        currentSchema = null;
    }

    const translatedKey = translated.join('.');
    if (fields instanceof Map)
      fields.set(translatedKey, value);
    else
      fields[translatedKey] = value;

    if (translatedKey !== key) {
      // We'll be using the translated key instead
      if (fields instanceof Map) {
        // Delete from map
        fields.delete(key);
      } else {
        // Delete from object
        delete fields[key]; // We'll be using the translated key instead
      }
    }
    return fields;
  };

  if (typeof fields === 'object') {
    // Fields is an object (query conditions or document fields)
    if (fields instanceof Map) {
      // A Map was supplied
      for (const field of new Map(fields)) {
        fields = translate(field[0], field[1]);
      }
    } else {
      // Infer a regular object was supplied
      for (const key of Object.keys(fields)) {
        fields = translate(key, fields[key]);
        if (key[0] === '$') {
          if (Array.isArray(fields[key])) {
            for (const i in fields[key]) {
              // Recursively translate nested queries
              fields[key][i] = this.translateAliases(fields[key][i]);
            }
          } else {
            this.translateAliases(fields[key]);
          }
        }
      }
    }

    return fields;
  } else {
    // Don't know typeof fields
    return fields;
  }
};

/**
 * Deletes the first document that matches `conditions` from the collection.
 * It returns an object with the property `deletedCount` indicating how many documents were deleted.
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     await Character.deleteOne({ name: 'Eddard Stark' }); // returns {deletedCount: 1}
 *
 * #### Note:
 *
 * This function triggers `deleteOne` query hooks. Read the
 * [middleware docs](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/middleware.html#naming) to learn more.
 *
 * @param {object} conditions
 * @param {object} [options] optional see [`Query.prototype.setOptions()`](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/query.html#Query.prototype.setOptions())
 * @param {boolean} [options.translateAliases=null] If set to `true`, translates any schema-defined aliases in `filter`, `projection`, `update`, and `distinct`. Throws an error if there are any conflicts where both alias and raw property are defined on the same object.
 * @return {Query}
 * @api public
 */

Model.deleteOne = function deleteOne(conditions, options) {
  _checkContext(this, 'deleteOne');

  if (typeof arguments[0] === 'function' || typeof arguments[1] === 'function' || typeof arguments[2] === 'function') {
    throw new MongooseError('Model.prototype.deleteOne() no longer accepts a callback');
  }

  const mq = new this.Query({}, {}, this, this.$__collection);
  mq.setOptions(options);

  return mq.deleteOne(conditions);
};

/**
 * Deletes all of the documents that match `conditions` from the collection.
 * It returns an object with the property `deletedCount` containing the number of documents deleted.
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     await Character.deleteMany({ name: /Stark/, age: { $gte: 18 } }); // returns {deletedCount: x} where x is the number of documents deleted.
 *
 * #### Note:
 *
 * This function triggers `deleteMany` query hooks. Read the
 * [middleware docs](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/middleware.html#naming) to learn more.
 *
 * @param {object} conditions
 * @param {object} [options] optional see [`Query.prototype.setOptions()`](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/query.html#Query.prototype.setOptions())
 * @param {boolean} [options.translateAliases=null] If set to `true`, translates any schema-defined aliases in `filter`, `projection`, `update`, and `distinct`. Throws an error if there are any conflicts where both alias and raw property are defined on the same object.
 * @return {Query}
 * @api public
 */

Model.deleteMany = function deleteMany(conditions, options) {
  _checkContext(this, 'deleteMany');

  if (typeof arguments[0] === 'function' || typeof arguments[1] === 'function' || typeof arguments[2] === 'function') {
    throw new MongooseError('Model.deleteMany() no longer accepts a callback');
  }

  const mq = new this.Query({}, {}, this, this.$__collection);
  mq.setOptions(options);

  return mq.deleteMany(conditions);
};

/**
 * Finds documents.
 *
 * Mongoose casts the `filter` to match the model's schema before the command is sent.
 * See our [query casting tutorial](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/tutorials/query_casting.html) for
 * more information on how Mongoose casts `filter`.
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     // find all documents
 *     await MyModel.find({});
 *
 *     // find all documents named john and at least 18
 *     await MyModel.find({ name: 'john', age: { $gte: 18 } }).exec();
 *
 *     // executes, name LIKE john and only selecting the "name" and "friends" fields
 *     await MyModel.find({ name: /john/i }, 'name friends').exec();
 *
 *     // passing options
 *     await MyModel.find({ name: /john/i }, null, { skip: 10 }).exec();
 *
 * @param {object|ObjectId} filter
 * @param {object|string|string[]} [projection] optional fields to return, see [`Query.prototype.select()`](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/query.html#Query.prototype.select())
 * @param {object} [options] optional see [`Query.prototype.setOptions()`](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/query.html#Query.prototype.setOptions())
 * @param {boolean} [options.translateAliases=null] If set to `true`, translates any schema-defined aliases in `filter`, `projection`, `update`, and `distinct`. Throws an error if there are any conflicts where both alias and raw property are defined on the same object.
 * @return {Query}
 * @see field selection https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/query.html#Query.prototype.select()
 * @see query casting https://mongoosejs.com/docs/tutorials/query_casting.html
 * @api public
 */

Model.find = function find(conditions, projection, options) {
  _checkContext(this, 'find');
  if (typeof arguments[0] === 'function' || typeof arguments[1] === 'function' || typeof arguments[2] === 'function' || typeof arguments[3] === 'function') {
    throw new MongooseError('Model.find() no longer accepts a callback');
  }

  const mq = new this.Query({}, {}, this, this.$__collection);
  mq.select(projection);
  mq.setOptions(options);

  return mq.find(conditions);
};

/**
 * Finds a single document by its _id field. `findById(id)` is equivalent to `findOne({ _id: id })`.
 *
 * The `id` is cast based on the Schema before sending the command.
 *
 * This function triggers the following middleware.
 *
 * - `findOne()`
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     // Find the adventure with the given `id`, or `null` if not found
 *     await Adventure.findById(id).exec();
 *
 *     // select only the adventures name and length
 *     await Adventure.findById(id, 'name length').exec();
 *
 * @param {any} id value of `_id` to query by
 * @param {object|string|string[]} [projection] optional fields to return, see [`Query.prototype.select()`](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/query.html#Query.prototype.select())
 * @param {object} [options] optional see [`Query.prototype.setOptions()`](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/query.html#Query.prototype.setOptions())
 * @return {Query}
 * @see field selection https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/query.html#Query.prototype.select()
 * @see lean queries https://mongoosejs.com/docs/tutorials/lean.html
 * @see findById in Mongoose https://masteringjs.io/tutorials/mongoose/find-by-id
 * @api public
 */

Model.findById = function findById(id, projection, options) {
  _checkContext(this, 'findById');
  if (typeof arguments[0] === 'function' || typeof arguments[1] === 'function' || typeof arguments[2] === 'function') {
    throw new MongooseError('Model.findById() no longer accepts a callback');
  }

  return this.findOne({ _id: id }, projection, options);
};

/**
 * Finds one document.
 *
 * The `conditions` are cast to their respective SchemaTypes before the command is sent.
 *
 * *Note:* `conditions` is optional, and if `conditions` is null or undefined,
 * mongoose will send an empty `findOne` command to MongoDB, which will return
 * an arbitrary document. If you're querying by `_id`, use `findById()` instead.
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     // Find one adventure whose `country` is 'Croatia', otherwise `null`
 *     await Adventure.findOne({ country: 'Croatia' }).exec();
 *
 *     // Model.findOne() no longer accepts a callback
 *
 *     // Select only the adventures name and length
 *     await Adventure.findOne({ country: 'Croatia' }, 'name length').exec();
 *
 * @param {object} [conditions]
 * @param {object|string|string[]} [projection] optional fields to return, see [`Query.prototype.select()`](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/query.html#Query.prototype.select())
 * @param {object} [options] optional see [`Query.prototype.setOptions()`](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/query.html#Query.prototype.setOptions())
 * @param {boolean} [options.translateAliases=null] If set to `true`, translates any schema-defined aliases in `filter`, `projection`, `update`, and `distinct`. Throws an error if there are any conflicts where both alias and raw property are defined on the same object.
 * @return {Query}
 * @see field selection https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/query.html#Query.prototype.select()
 * @see lean queries https://mongoosejs.com/docs/tutorials/lean.html
 * @api public
 */

Model.findOne = function findOne(conditions, projection, options) {
  _checkContext(this, 'findOne');
  if (typeof arguments[0] === 'function' || typeof arguments[1] === 'function' || typeof arguments[2] === 'function') {
    throw new MongooseError('Model.findOne() no longer accepts a callback');
  }

  const mq = new this.Query({}, {}, this, this.$__collection);
  mq.select(projection);
  mq.setOptions(options);

  return mq.findOne(conditions);
};

/**
 * Estimates the number of documents in the MongoDB collection. Faster than
 * using `countDocuments()` for large collections because
 * `estimatedDocumentCount()` uses collection metadata rather than scanning
 * the entire collection.
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     const numAdventures = await Adventure.estimatedDocumentCount();
 *
 * @param {object} [options]
 * @return {Query}
 * @api public
 */

Model.estimatedDocumentCount = function estimatedDocumentCount(options) {
  _checkContext(this, 'estimatedDocumentCount');

  const mq = new this.Query({}, {}, this, this.$__collection);

  return mq.estimatedDocumentCount(options);
};

/**
 * Counts number of documents matching `filter` in a database collection.
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     const count = await Adventure.countDocuments({ type: 'jungle' });
 *     console.log('there are %d jungle adventures', count);
 *
 * If you want to count all documents in a large collection,
 * use the [`estimatedDocumentCount()` function](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/model.html#Model.estimatedDocumentCount())
 * instead. If you call `countDocuments({})`, MongoDB will always execute
 * a full collection scan and **not** use any indexes.
 *
 * The `countDocuments()` function is similar to `count()`, but there are a
 * [few operators that `countDocuments()` does not support](https://mongodb.github.io/node-mongodb-native/7.0/classes/Collection.html#countDocuments).
 * Below are the operators that `count()` supports but `countDocuments()` does not,
 * and the suggested replacement:
 *
 * - `$where`: [`$expr`](https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/reference/operator/query/expr/)
 * - `$near`: [`$geoWithin`](https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/reference/operator/query/geoWithin/) with [`$center`](https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/reference/operator/query/center/#op._S_center)
 * - `$nearSphere`: [`$geoWithin`](https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/reference/operator/query/geoWithin/) with [`$centerSphere`](https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/reference/operator/query/centerSphere/#op._S_centerSphere)
 *
 * @param {object} filter
 * @return {Query}
 * @api public
 */

Model.countDocuments = function countDocuments(conditions, options) {
  _checkContext(this, 'countDocuments');
  if (typeof arguments[0] === 'function' || typeof arguments[1] === 'function' || typeof arguments[2] === 'function') {
    throw new MongooseError('Model.countDocuments() no longer accepts a callback');
  }

  const mq = new this.Query({}, {}, this, this.$__collection);
  if (options != null) {
    mq.setOptions(options);
  }

  return mq.countDocuments(conditions);
};


/**
 * Creates a Query for a `distinct` operation.
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     const query = Link.distinct('url');
 *     query.exec();
 *
 * @param {string} field
 * @param {object} [conditions] optional
 * @param {object} [options] optional
 * @return {Query}
 * @api public
 */

Model.distinct = function distinct(field, conditions, options) {
  _checkContext(this, 'distinct');
  if (typeof arguments[0] === 'function' || typeof arguments[1] === 'function' || typeof arguments[2] === 'function') {
    throw new MongooseError('Model.distinct() no longer accepts a callback');
  }

  const mq = new this.Query({}, {}, this, this.$__collection);
  if (options != null) {
    mq.setOptions(options);
  }

  return mq.distinct(field, conditions);
};

/**
 * Creates a Query, applies the passed conditions, and returns the Query.
 *
 * For example, instead of writing:
 *
 *     User.find({ age: { $gte: 21, $lte: 65 } });
 *
 * we can instead write:
 *
 *     User.where('age').gte(21).lte(65).exec();
 *
 * Since the Query class also supports `where` you can continue chaining
 *
 *     User
 *     .where('age').gte(21).lte(65)
 *     .where('name', /^b/i)
 *     ... etc
 *
 * @param {string} path
 * @param {object} [val] optional value
 * @return {Query}
 * @api public
 */

Model.where = function where(path, val) {
  _checkContext(this, 'where');

  void val; // eslint
  const mq = new this.Query({}, {}, this, this.$__collection).find({});
  return mq.where.apply(mq, arguments);
};

/**
 * Creates a `Query` and specifies a `$where` condition.
 *
 * Sometimes you need to query for things in mongodb using a JavaScript expression. You can do so via `find({ $where: javascript })`, or you can use the mongoose shortcut method $where via a Query chain or from your mongoose Model.
 *
 *     Blog.$where('this.username.indexOf("val") !== -1').exec(function (err, docs) {});
 *
 * @param {string|Function} argument is a javascript string or anonymous function
 * @method $where
 * @memberOf Model
 * @return {Query}
 * @see Query.$where https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/query.html#Query.prototype.$where
 * @api public
 */

Model.$where = function $where() {
  _checkContext(this, '$where');

  const mq = new this.Query({}, {}, this, this.$__collection).find({});
  return mq.$where.apply(mq, arguments);
};

/**
 * Issues a mongodb findOneAndUpdate command.
 *
 * Finds a matching document, updates it according to the `update` arg, passing any `options`. A Query object is returned.
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     A.findOneAndUpdate(filter, update, options);  // returns Query
 *     A.findOneAndUpdate(filter, update);           // returns Query
 *     A.findOneAndUpdate(filter);                   // returns Query
 *     A.findOneAndUpdate();                         // returns Query
 *
 *     // Other supported syntaxes
 *     // Note that calling `Query#findOneAndUpdate()` with 1 arg will treat the arg as `update`, NOT `filter`
 *     A.find(filter).findOneAndUpdate(update);
 *
 * #### Note:
 *
 * All top level update keys which are not `atomic` operation names are treated as set operations:
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     const query = { name: 'borne' };
 *     Model.findOneAndUpdate(query, { name: 'jason bourne' }, options);
 *
 *     // is sent as
 *     Model.findOneAndUpdate(query, { $set: { name: 'jason bourne' }}, options);
 *
 * #### Note:
 *
 * `findOneAndX` and `findByIdAndX` functions support limited validation that
 * you can enable by setting the `runValidators` option.
 *
 * If you need full-fledged validation, use the traditional approach of first
 * retrieving the document.
 *
 *     const doc = await Model.findById(id);
 *     doc.name = 'jason bourne';
 *     await doc.save();
 *
 * @param {object} [conditions]
 * @param {object} [update]
 * @param {object} [options] optional see [`Query.prototype.setOptions()`](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/query.html#Query.prototype.setOptions())
 * @param {'before'|'after'} [options.returnDocument='before'] Has two possible values, `'before'` and `'after'`. By default, it will return the document before the update was applied.
 * @param {object} [options.lean] if truthy, mongoose will return the document as a plain JavaScript object rather than a mongoose document. See [`Query.lean()`](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/query.html#Query.prototype.lean()) and [the Mongoose lean tutorial](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/tutorials/lean.html).
 * @param {ClientSession} [options.session=null] The session associated with this query. See [transactions docs](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/transactions.html).
 * @param {boolean|'throw'} [options.strict] overwrites the schema's [strict mode option](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/guide.html#strict)
 * @param {boolean} [options.timestamps=null] If set to `false` and [schema-level timestamps](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/guide.html#timestamps) are enabled, skip timestamps for this update. Note that this allows you to overwrite timestamps. Does nothing if schema-level timestamps are not set.
 * @param {boolean} [options.upsert=false] if true, and no documents found, insert a new document
 * @param {object|string|string[]} [options.projection=null] optional fields to return, see [`Query.prototype.select()`](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/query.html#Query.prototype.select())
 * @param {boolean} [options.new=false] if true, return the modified document rather than the original
 * @param {object|string} [options.fields] Field selection. Equivalent to `.select(fields).findOneAndUpdate()`
 * @param {number} [options.maxTimeMS] puts a time limit on the query - requires mongodb >= 2.6.0
 * @param {object|string} [options.sort] if multiple docs are found by the conditions, sets the sort order to choose which doc to update.
 * @param {boolean} [options.runValidators] if true, runs [update validators](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/validation.html#update-validators) on this command. Update validators validate the update operation against the model's schema
 * @param {boolean} [options.setDefaultsOnInsert=true] If `setDefaultsOnInsert` and `upsert` are true, mongoose will apply the [defaults](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/defaults.html) specified in the model's schema if a new document is created
 * @param {boolean} [options.includeResultMetadata] if true, returns the [raw result from the MongoDB driver](https://mongodb.github.io/node-mongodb-native/7.0/interfaces/ModifyResult.html)
 * @param {boolean} [options.translateAliases=null] If set to `true`, translates any schema-defined aliases in `filter`, `projection`, `update`, and `distinct`. Throws an error if there are any conflicts where both alias and raw property are defined on the same object.
 * @param {boolean} [options.overwriteDiscriminatorKey=false] Mongoose removes discriminator key updates from `update` by default, set `overwriteDiscriminatorKey` to `true` to allow updating the discriminator key
 * @return {Query}
 * @see Tutorial https://mongoosejs.com/docs/tutorials/findoneandupdate.html
 * @see mongodb https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/reference/command/findAndModify/
 * @api public
 */

Model.findOneAndUpdate = function(conditions, update, options) {
  _checkContext(this, 'findOneAndUpdate');
  if (typeof arguments[0] === 'function' || typeof arguments[1] === 'function' || typeof arguments[2] === 'function' || typeof arguments[3] === 'function') {
    throw new MongooseError('Model.findOneAndUpdate() no longer accepts a callback');
  }

  let fields;
  if (options) {
    fields = options.fields || options.projection;
  }

  update = clone(update, {
    depopulate: true,
    _isNested: true
  });

  decorateUpdateWithVersionKey(update, options, this.schema.options.versionKey);

  const mq = new this.Query({}, {}, this, this.$__collection);
  mq.select(fields);

  return mq.findOneAndUpdate(conditions, update, options);
};

/**
 * Issues a mongodb findOneAndUpdate command by a document's _id field.
 * `findByIdAndUpdate(id, ...)` is equivalent to `findOneAndUpdate({ _id: id }, ...)`.
 *
 * Finds a matching document, updates it according to the `update` arg,
 * passing any `options`, and returns the found document (if any).
 *
 * This function triggers the following middleware.
 *
 * - `findOneAndUpdate()`
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     A.findByIdAndUpdate(id, update, options)  // returns Query
 *     A.findByIdAndUpdate(id, update)           // returns Query
 *     A.findByIdAndUpdate()                     // returns Query
 *
 * #### Note:
 *
 * All top level update keys which are not `atomic` operation names are treated as set operations:
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     Model.findByIdAndUpdate(id, { name: 'jason bourne' }, options)
 *
 *     // is sent as
 *     Model.findByIdAndUpdate(id, { $set: { name: 'jason bourne' }}, options)
 *
 * #### Note:
 *
 * `findOneAndX` and `findByIdAndX` functions support limited validation. You can
 * enable validation by setting the `runValidators` option.
 *
 * If you need full-fledged validation, use the traditional approach of first
 * retrieving the document.
 *
 *     const doc = await Model.findById(id)
 *     doc.name = 'jason bourne';
 *     await doc.save();
 *
 * @param {object|number|string} id value of `_id` to query by
 * @param {object} [update]
 * @param {object} [options] optional see [`Query.prototype.setOptions()`](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/query.html#Query.prototype.setOptions())
 * @param {'before'|'after'} [options.returnDocument='before'] Has two possible values, `'before'` and `'after'`. By default, it will return the document before the update was applied.
 * @param {object} [options.lean] if truthy, mongoose will return the document as a plain JavaScript object rather than a mongoose document. See [`Query.lean()`](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/query.html#Query.prototype.lean()) and [the Mongoose lean tutorial](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/tutorials/lean.html).
 * @param {ClientSession} [options.session=null] The session associated with this query. See [transactions docs](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/transactions.html).
 * @param {boolean|'throw'} [options.strict] overwrites the schema's [strict mode option](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/guide.html#strict)
 * @param {boolean} [options.timestamps=null] If set to `false` and [schema-level timestamps](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/guide.html#timestamps) are enabled, skip timestamps for this update. Note that this allows you to overwrite timestamps. Does nothing if schema-level timestamps are not set.
 * @param {object|string} [options.sort] if multiple docs are found by the conditions, sets the sort order to choose which doc to update.
 * @param {boolean} [options.runValidators] if true, runs [update validators](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/validation.html#update-validators) on this command. Update validators validate the update operation against the model's schema
 * @param {boolean} [options.setDefaultsOnInsert=true] If `setDefaultsOnInsert` and `upsert` are true, mongoose will apply the [defaults](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/defaults.html) specified in the model's schema if a new document is created
 * @param {boolean} [options.includeResultMetadata] if true, returns the full [ModifyResult from the MongoDB driver](https://mongodb.github.io/node-mongodb-native/7.0/interfaces/ModifyResult.html) rather than just the document
 * @param {boolean} [options.upsert=false] if true, and no documents found, insert a new document
 * @param {boolean} [options.new=false] if true, return the modified document rather than the original
 * @param {object|string} [options.select] sets the document fields to return.
 * @param {boolean} [options.translateAliases=null] If set to `true`, translates any schema-defined aliases in `filter`, `projection`, `update`, and `distinct`. Throws an error if there are any conflicts where both alias and raw property are defined on the same object.
 * @param {boolean} [options.overwriteDiscriminatorKey=false] Mongoose removes discriminator key updates from `update` by default, set `overwriteDiscriminatorKey` to `true` to allow updating the discriminator key
 * @return {Query}
 * @see Model.findOneAndUpdate https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/model.html#Model.findOneAndUpdate()
 * @see mongodb https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/reference/command/findAndModify/
 * @api public
 */

Model.findByIdAndUpdate = function(id, update, options) {
  _checkContext(this, 'findByIdAndUpdate');
  if (typeof arguments[0] === 'function' || typeof arguments[1] === 'function' || typeof arguments[2] === 'function' || typeof arguments[3] === 'function') {
    throw new MongooseError('Model.findByIdAndUpdate() no longer accepts a callback');
  }

  // if a model is passed in instead of an id
  if (id instanceof Document) {
    id = id._doc._id;
  }

  return this.findOneAndUpdate.call(this, { _id: id }, update, options);
};

/**
 * Issue a MongoDB `findOneAndDelete()` command.
 *
 * Finds a matching document, removes it, and returns the found document (if any).
 *
 * This function triggers the following middleware.
 *
 * - `findOneAndDelete()`
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     A.findOneAndDelete(conditions, options)  // return Query
 *     A.findOneAndDelete(conditions) // returns Query
 *     A.findOneAndDelete()           // returns Query
 *
 * `findOneAndX` and `findByIdAndX` functions support limited validation. You can
 * enable validation by setting the `runValidators` option.
 *
 * If you need full-fledged validation, use the traditional approach of first
 * retrieving the document.
 *
 *     const doc = await Model.findById(id)
 *     doc.name = 'jason bourne';
 *     await doc.save();
 *
 * @param {object} conditions
 * @param {object} [options] optional see [`Query.prototype.setOptions()`](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/query.html#Query.prototype.setOptions())
 * @param {boolean|'throw'} [options.strict] overwrites the schema's [strict mode option](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/guide.html#strict)
 * @param {object|string|string[]} [options.projection=null] optional fields to return, see [`Query.prototype.select()`](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/query.html#Query.prototype.select())
 * @param {ClientSession} [options.session=null] The session associated with this query. See [transactions docs](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/transactions.html).
 * @param {boolean} [options.includeResultMetadata] if true, returns the full [ModifyResult from the MongoDB driver](https://mongodb.github.io/node-mongodb-native/7.0/interfaces/ModifyResult.html) rather than just the document
 * @param {object|string} [options.sort] if multiple docs are found by the conditions, sets the sort order to choose which doc to update.
 * @param {object|string} [options.select] sets the document fields to return.
 * @param {number} [options.maxTimeMS] puts a time limit on the query - requires mongodb >= 2.6.0
 * @param {boolean} [options.translateAliases=null] If set to `true`, translates any schema-defined aliases in `filter`, `projection`, `update`, and `distinct`. Throws an error if there are any conflicts where both alias and raw property are defined on the same object.
 * @return {Query}
 * @api public
 */

Model.findOneAndDelete = function(conditions, options) {
  _checkContext(this, 'findOneAndDelete');

  if (typeof arguments[0] === 'function' || typeof arguments[1] === 'function' || typeof arguments[2] === 'function') {
    throw new MongooseError('Model.findOneAndDelete() no longer accepts a callback');
  }

  let fields;
  if (options) {
    fields = options.select;
    options.select = undefined;
  }

  const mq = new this.Query({}, {}, this, this.$__collection);
  mq.select(fields);

  return mq.findOneAndDelete(conditions, options);
};

/**
 * Issue a MongoDB `findOneAndDelete()` command by a document's _id field.
 * In other words, `findByIdAndDelete(id)` is a shorthand for
 * `findOneAndDelete({ _id: id })`.
 *
 * This function triggers the following middleware.
 *
 * - `findOneAndDelete()`
 *
 * @param {object|number|string} id value of `_id` to query by
 * @param {object} [options] optional see [`Query.prototype.setOptions()`](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/query.html#Query.prototype.setOptions())
 * @param {boolean|'throw'} [options.strict] overwrites the schema's [strict mode option](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/guide.html#strict)
 * @param {boolean} [options.translateAliases=null] If set to `true`, translates any schema-defined aliases in `filter`, `projection`, `update`, and `distinct`. Throws an error if there are any conflicts where both alias and raw property are defined on the same object.
 * @return {Query}
 * @see Model.findOneAndDelete https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/model.html#Model.findOneAndDelete()
 * @see mongodb https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/reference/command/findAndModify/
 */

Model.findByIdAndDelete = function(id, options) {
  _checkContext(this, 'findByIdAndDelete');

  if (typeof arguments[0] === 'function' || typeof arguments[1] === 'function' || typeof arguments[2] === 'function') {
    throw new MongooseError('Model.findByIdAndDelete() no longer accepts a callback');
  }

  return this.findOneAndDelete({ _id: id }, options);
};

/**
 * Issue a MongoDB `findOneAndReplace()` command.
 *
 * Finds a matching document, replaces it with the provided doc, and returns the document.
 *
 * This function triggers the following query middleware.
 *
 * - `findOneAndReplace()`
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     A.findOneAndReplace(filter, replacement, options)  // return Query
 *     A.findOneAndReplace(filter, replacement) // returns Query
 *     A.findOneAndReplace()                    // returns Query
 *
 * @param {object} filter Replace the first document that matches this filter
 * @param {object} [replacement] Replace with this document
 * @param {object} [options] optional see [`Query.prototype.setOptions()`](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/query.html#Query.prototype.setOptions())
 * @param {'before'|'after'} [options.returnDocument='before'] Has two possible values, `'before'` and `'after'`. By default, it will return the document before the update was applied.
 * @param {object} [options.lean] if truthy, mongoose will return the document as a plain JavaScript object rather than a mongoose document. See [`Query.lean()`](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/query.html#Query.prototype.lean()) and [the Mongoose lean tutorial](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/tutorials/lean.html).
 * @param {ClientSession} [options.session=null] The session associated with this query. See [transactions docs](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/transactions.html).
 * @param {boolean|'throw'} [options.strict] overwrites the schema's [strict mode option](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/guide.html#strict)
 * @param {boolean} [options.timestamps=null] If set to `false` and [schema-level timestamps](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/guide.html#timestamps) are enabled, skip timestamps for this update. Note that this allows you to overwrite timestamps. Does nothing if schema-level timestamps are not set.
 * @param {object|string|string[]} [options.projection=null] optional fields to return, see [`Query.prototype.select()`](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/query.html#Query.prototype.select())
 * @param {object|string} [options.sort] if multiple docs are found by the conditions, sets the sort order to choose which doc to update.
 * @param {boolean} [options.includeResultMetadata] if true, returns the full [ModifyResult from the MongoDB driver](https://mongodb.github.io/node-mongodb-native/7.0/interfaces/ModifyResult.html) rather than just the document
 * @param {object|string} [options.select] sets the document fields to return.
 * @param {number} [options.maxTimeMS] puts a time limit on the query - requires mongodb >= 2.6.0
 * @param {boolean} [options.translateAliases=null] If set to `true`, translates any schema-defined aliases in `filter`, `projection`, `update`, and `distinct`. Throws an error if there are any conflicts where both alias and raw property are defined on the same object.
 * @return {Query}
 * @api public
 */

Model.findOneAndReplace = function(filter, replacement, options) {
  _checkContext(this, 'findOneAndReplace');

  if (typeof arguments[0] === 'function' || typeof arguments[1] === 'function' || typeof arguments[2] === 'function' || typeof arguments[3] === 'function') {
    throw new MongooseError('Model.findOneAndReplace() no longer accepts a callback');
  }

  let fields;
  if (options) {
    fields = options.select;
    options.select = undefined;
  }

  const mq = new this.Query({}, {}, this, this.$__collection);
  mq.select(fields);

  return mq.findOneAndReplace(filter, replacement, options);
};

/**
 * Shortcut for saving one or more documents to the database.
 * `MyModel.create(docs)` does `new MyModel(doc).save()` for every doc in
 * docs.
 *
 * This function triggers the following middleware.
 *
 * - `save()`
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     // Insert one new `Character` document
 *     await Character.create({ name: 'Jean-Luc Picard' });
 *
 *     // Insert multiple new `Character` documents
 *     await Character.create([{ name: 'Will Riker' }, { name: 'Geordi LaForge' }]);
 *
 *     // Create a new character within a transaction. Note that you **must**
 *     // pass an array as the first parameter to `create()` if you want to
 *     // specify options.
 *     await Character.create([{ name: 'Jean-Luc Picard' }], { session });
 *
 * @param {Array|object} docs Documents to insert, as a spread or array
 * @param {object} [options] Options passed down to `save()`. To specify `options`, `docs` **must** be an array, not a spread. See [Model.save](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/model.html#Model.prototype.save()) for available options.
 * @param {boolean} [options.ordered] saves the docs in series rather than parallel.
 * @param {boolean} [options.aggregateErrors] Aggregate Errors instead of throwing the first one that occurs. Default: false
 * @return {Promise}
 * @api public
 */

Model.create = async function create(doc, options) {
  if (typeof options === 'function' ||
      typeof arguments[2] === 'function') {
    throw new MongooseError('Model.create() no longer accepts a callback');
  }

  _checkContext(this, 'create');

  let args;
  const discriminatorKey = this.schema.options.discriminatorKey;

  if (Array.isArray(doc)) {
    args = doc;
    options = options != null && typeof options === 'object' ? options : {};
  } else {
    const last = arguments[arguments.length - 1];
    options = {};
    const hasCallback = typeof last === 'function' ||
      typeof options === 'function' ||
      typeof arguments[2] === 'function';
    if (hasCallback) {
      throw new MongooseError('Model.create() no longer accepts a callback');
    } else {
      args = [...arguments];
      // For backwards compatibility with 6.x, because of gh-5061 Mongoose 6.x and
      // older would treat a falsy last arg as a callback. We don't want to throw
      // an error here, because it would look strange if `Test.create({}, void 0)`
      // threw a callback error. But we also don't want to create an unnecessary document.
      if (args.length > 1 && !last) {
        args.pop();
      }
    }

    if (args.length === 2 &&
        args[0] != null &&
        args[1] != null &&
        args[0].session == null &&
        last &&
        getConstructorName(last.session) === 'ClientSession' &&
        !this.schema.path('session')) {
      // Probably means the user is running into the common mistake of trying
      // to use a spread to specify options, see gh-7535
      utils.warn('WARNING: to pass a `session` to `Model.create()` in ' +
        'Mongoose, you **must** pass an array as the first argument. See: ' +
        'https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/model.html#Model.create()');
    }
  }

  if (args.length === 0) {
    return Array.isArray(doc) ? [] : null;
  }
  let res = [];
  const immediateError = typeof options.aggregateErrors === 'boolean' ? !options.aggregateErrors : true;

  delete options.aggregateErrors; // dont pass on the option to "$save"

  if (options.session && !options.ordered && args.length > 1) {
    throw new MongooseError('Cannot call `create()` with a session and multiple documents unless `ordered: true` is set');
  }

  if (!Array.isArray(doc) && args.length === 1) {
    let toSave = doc;

    const Model = this.discriminators && doc[discriminatorKey] != null ?
      this.discriminators[doc[discriminatorKey]] || getDiscriminatorByValue(this.discriminators, doc[discriminatorKey]) :
      this;
    if (Model == null) {
      throw new MongooseError(`Discriminator "${doc[discriminatorKey]}" not ` +
      `found for model "${this.modelName}"`);
    }

    if (!(toSave instanceof Model)) {
      toSave = new Model(toSave);
    }

    await toSave.$save(options);

    return toSave;
  }

  if (options.ordered) {
    for (let i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
      try {
        const doc = args[i];
        const Model = this.discriminators && doc[discriminatorKey] != null ?
          this.discriminators[doc[discriminatorKey]] || getDiscriminatorByValue(this.discriminators, doc[discriminatorKey]) :
          this;
        if (Model == null) {
          throw new MongooseError(`Discriminator "${doc[discriminatorKey]}" not ` +
          `found for model "${this.modelName}"`);
        }
        let toSave = doc;
        if (!(toSave instanceof Model)) {
          toSave = new Model(toSave);
        }

        await toSave.$save(options);
        res.push(toSave);
      } catch (err) {
        if (!immediateError) {
          res.push(err);
        } else {
          throw err;
        }
      }
    }
    return res;
  } else if (!immediateError) {
    res = await Promise.allSettled(args.map(async doc => {
      const Model = this.discriminators && doc[discriminatorKey] != null ?
        this.discriminators[doc[discriminatorKey]] || getDiscriminatorByValue(this.discriminators, doc[discriminatorKey]) :
        this;
      if (Model == null) {
        throw new MongooseError(`Discriminator "${doc[discriminatorKey]}" not ` +
            `found for model "${this.modelName}"`);
      }
      let toSave = doc;

      if (!(toSave instanceof Model)) {
        toSave = new Model(toSave);
      }

      await toSave.$save(options);

      return toSave;
    }));
    res = res.map(result => result.status === 'fulfilled' ? result.value : result.reason);
  } else {
    let firstError = null;
    res = await Promise.all(args.map(async doc => {
      const Model = this.discriminators && doc[discriminatorKey] != null ?
        this.discriminators[doc[discriminatorKey]] || getDiscriminatorByValue(this.discriminators, doc[discriminatorKey]) :
        this;
      if (Model == null) {
        throw new MongooseError(`Discriminator "${doc[discriminatorKey]}" not ` +
            `found for model "${this.modelName}"`);
      }
      try {
        let toSave = doc;

        if (!(toSave instanceof Model)) {
          toSave = new Model(toSave);
        }

        await toSave.$save(options);

        return toSave;
      } catch (err) {
        if (!firstError) {
          firstError = err;
        }
      }
    }));
    if (firstError) {
      throw firstError;
    }
  }

  return res;
};

/**
 * Shortcut for saving one document to the database.
 * `MyModel.insertOne(obj, options)` is almost equivalent to `new MyModel(obj).save(options)`.
 * The difference is that `insertOne()` checks if `obj` is already a document, and checks for discriminators.
 *
 * This function triggers the following middleware.
 *
 * - `save()`
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     // Insert one new `Character` document
 *     const character = await Character.insertOne({ name: 'Jean-Luc Picard' });
 *     character.name; // 'Jean-Luc Picard'
 *
 *     // Create a new character within a transaction.
 *     await Character.insertOne({ name: 'Jean-Luc Picard' }, { session });
 *
 * @param {object|Document} doc Document to insert, as a POJO or Mongoose document
 * @param {object} [options] Options passed down to `save()`.
 * @return {Promise<Document>} resolves to the saved document
 * @api public
 */

Model.insertOne = async function insertOne(doc, options) {
  _checkContext(this, 'insertOne');

  const discriminatorKey = this.schema.options.discriminatorKey;
  const Model = this.discriminators && doc[discriminatorKey] != null ?
    this.discriminators[doc[discriminatorKey]] || getDiscriminatorByValue(this.discriminators, doc[discriminatorKey]) :
    this;
  if (Model == null) {
    throw new MongooseError(
      `Discriminator "${doc[discriminatorKey]}" not found for model "${this.modelName}"`
    );
  }
  if (!(doc instanceof Model)) {
    doc = new Model(doc);
  }

  return await doc.$save(options);
};

/**
 * _Requires a replica set running MongoDB >= 3.6.0._ Watches the
 * underlying collection for changes using
 * [MongoDB change streams](https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/changeStreams/).
 *
 * This function does **not** trigger any middleware. In particular, it
 * does **not** trigger aggregate middleware.
 *
 * The ChangeStream object is an event emitter that emits the following events:
 *
 * - 'change': A change occurred, see below example
 * - 'error': An unrecoverable error occurred. In particular, change streams currently error out if they lose connection to the replica set primary. Follow [this GitHub issue](https://github.com/Automattic/mongoose/issues/6799) for updates.
 * - 'end': Emitted if the underlying stream is closed
 * - 'close': Emitted if the underlying stream is closed
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     const doc = await Person.create({ name: 'Ned Stark' });
 *     const changeStream = Person.watch().on('change', change => console.log(change));
 *     // Will print from the above `console.log()`:
 *     // { _id: { _data: ... },
 *     //   operationType: 'delete',
 *     //   ns: { db: 'mydb', coll: 'Person' },
 *     //   documentKey: { _id: 5a51b125c5500f5aa094c7bd } }
 *     await doc.deleteOne();
 *
 * @param {Array} [pipeline]
 * @param {object} [options] see the [mongodb driver options](https://mongodb.github.io/node-mongodb-native/7.0/classes/Collection.html#watch)
 * @param {boolean} [options.hydrate=false] if true and `fullDocument: 'updateLookup'` is set, Mongoose will automatically hydrate `fullDocument` into a fully fledged Mongoose document
 * @return {ChangeStream} mongoose-specific change stream wrapper, inherits from EventEmitter
 * @api public
 */

Model.watch = function(pipeline, options) {
  _checkContext(this, 'watch');

  options = options || {};
  const watchOptions = options?.hydrate !== undefined ?
    utils.omit(options, ['hydrate']) :
    { ...options };
  options.model = this;


  pipeline = pipeline || [];
  prepareDiscriminatorPipeline(pipeline, this.schema, 'fullDocument');

  const changeStreamPromise = this.db._waitForConnect().then(
    () => this.$__collection.watch(pipeline, watchOptions)
  );

  return new ChangeStream(changeStreamPromise, pipeline, options);
};

/**
 * _Requires MongoDB >= 3.6.0._ Starts a [MongoDB session](https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/release-notes/3.6/#client-sessions)
 * for benefits like causal consistency, [retryable writes](https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/core/retryable-writes/),
 * and [transactions](https://thecodebarbarian.com/a-node-js-perspective-on-mongodb-4-transactions.html).
 *
 * Calling `MyModel.startSession()` is equivalent to calling `MyModel.db.startSession()`.
 *
 * This function does not trigger any middleware.
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     const session = await Person.startSession();
 *     let doc = await Person.findOne({ name: 'Ned Stark' }, null, { session });
 *     await doc.deleteOne();
 *     // `doc` will always be null, even if reading from a replica set
 *     // secondary. Without causal consistency, it is possible to
 *     // get a doc back from the below query if the query reads from a
 *     // secondary that is experiencing replication lag.
 *     doc = await Person.findOne({ name: 'Ned Stark' }, null, { session, readPreference: 'secondary' });
 *
 * @param {object} [options] see the [mongodb driver options](https://mongodb.github.io/node-mongodb-native/7.0/classes/MongoClient.html#startSession)
 * @param {boolean} [options.causalConsistency=true] set to false to disable causal consistency
 * @return {Promise<ClientSession>} promise that resolves to a MongoDB driver `ClientSession`
 * @api public
 */

Model.startSession = function() {
  _checkContext(this, 'startSession');

  return this.db.startSession.apply(this.db, arguments);
};

/**
 * Shortcut for validating an array of documents and inserting them into
 * MongoDB if they're all valid. This function is faster than `.create()`
 * because it only sends one operation to the server, rather than one for each
 * document.
 *
 * Mongoose always validates each document **before** sending `insertMany`
 * to MongoDB. So if one document has a validation error, no documents will
 * be saved, unless you set
 * [the `ordered` option to false](https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/reference/method/db.collection.insertMany/#error-handling).
 *
 * This function does **not** trigger save middleware.
 *
 * This function triggers the following middleware.
 *
 * - `insertMany()`
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     const docs = await Movies.insertMany([
 *       { name: 'Star Wars' },
 *       { name: 'The Empire Strikes Back' }
 *     ]);
 *     docs[0].name; // 'Star Wars'
 *
 *     // Return raw result from MongoDB
 *     const result = await Movies.insertMany([
 *       { name: 'Star Wars' },
 *       { name: 'The Empire Strikes Back' }
 *     ], { rawResult: true });
 *
 * @param {Array|object|any} doc(s)
 * @param {object} [options] see the [mongodb driver options](https://mongodb.github.io/node-mongodb-native/7.0/classes/Collection.html#insertMany)
 * @param {boolean} [options.ordered=true] if true, will fail fast on the first error encountered. If false, will insert all the documents it can and report errors later. An `insertMany()` with `ordered = false` is called an "unordered" `insertMany()`.
 * @param {boolean} [options.rawResult=false] if false, the returned promise resolves to the documents that passed mongoose document validation. If `true`, will return the [raw result from the MongoDB driver](https://mongodb.github.io/node-mongodb-native/7.0/interfaces/InsertManyResult.html) with a `mongoose` property that contains `validationErrors` and `results` if this is an unordered `insertMany`.
 * @param {boolean} [options.lean=false] if `true`, skips hydrating the documents. This means Mongoose will **not** cast, validate, or apply defaults to any of the documents passed to `insertMany()`. This option is useful if you need the extra performance, but comes with data integrity risk. Consider using with [`castObject()`](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/model.html#Model.castObject()) and [`applyDefaults()`](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/model.html#Model.applyDefaults()).
 * @param {number} [options.limit=null] this limits the number of documents being processed (validation/casting) by mongoose in parallel, this does **NOT** send the documents in batches to MongoDB. Use this option if you're processing a large number of documents and your app is running out of memory.
 * @param {string|object|Array} [options.populate=null] populates the result documents. This option is a no-op if `rawResult` is set.
 * @param {boolean} [options.throwOnValidationError=false] If true and `ordered: false`, throw an error if one of the operations failed validation, but all valid operations completed successfully.
 * @param {boolean|object} [options.middleware=true] set to `false` to skip all user-defined middleware
 * @param {boolean} [options.middleware.pre=true] set to `false` to skip only pre hooks
 * @param {boolean} [options.middleware.post=true] set to `false` to skip only post hooks
 * @return {Promise} resolving to the raw result from the MongoDB driver if `options.rawResult` was `true`, or the documents that passed validation, otherwise
 * @api public
 */

Model.insertMany = async function insertMany(arr, options) {
  _checkContext(this, 'insertMany');
  if (typeof options === 'function' ||
    typeof arguments[2] === 'function') {
    throw new MongooseError('Model.insertMany() no longer accepts a callback');
  }

  options = options || {};
  const preFilter = buildMiddlewareFilter(options, 'pre');
  const postFilter = buildMiddlewareFilter(options, 'post');

  try {
    [arr] = await this._middleware.execPre('insertMany', this, [arr], { filter: preFilter });
  } catch (error) {
    await this._middleware.execPost('insertMany', this, [arr], { error, filter: postFilter });
  }
  const ThisModel = this;
  const limit = options.limit || 1000;
  const rawResult = !!options.rawResult;
  const ordered = typeof options.ordered === 'boolean' ? options.ordered : true;
  const throwOnValidationError = typeof options.throwOnValidationError === 'boolean' ? options.throwOnValidationError : false;
  const lean = !!options.lean;

  const asyncLocalStorage = this.db.base.transactionAsyncLocalStorage?.getStore();
  if ((!options || !Object.hasOwn(options, 'session')) && asyncLocalStorage?.session != null) {
    options = { ...options, session: asyncLocalStorage.session };
  }

  if (!Array.isArray(arr)) {
    arr = [arr];
  }

  const validationErrors = [];
  const validationErrorsToOriginalOrder = new Map();
  const results = ordered ? null : new Array(arr.length);
  async function validateDoc(doc, index) {
    // If option `lean` is set to true bypass validation and hydration
    if (lean) {
      return doc;
    }
    let createdNewDoc = false;
    if (!(doc instanceof ThisModel)) {
      if (doc != null && typeof doc !== 'object') {
        throw new ObjectParameterError(doc, 'arr.' + index, 'insertMany');
      }
      doc = new ThisModel(doc);
      createdNewDoc = true;
    }

    if (options.session != null) {
      doc.$session(options.session);
    }
    return doc.$validate(createdNewDoc ? { _skipParallelValidateCheck: true } : null)
      .then(() => doc)
      .catch(error => {
        if (ordered === false) {
          error.index = index;
          validationErrors.push(error);
          validationErrorsToOriginalOrder.set(error, index);
          results[index] = error;
          return;
        }
        throw error;
      });
  }

  const docs = await parallelLimit(arr, validateDoc, limit);

  const originalDocIndex = new Map();
  const validDocIndexToOriginalIndex = new Map();
  for (let i = 0; i < docs.length; ++i) {
    originalDocIndex.set(docs[i], i);
  }

  // We filter all failed pre-validations by removing nulls
  const docAttributes = docs.filter(function(doc) {
    return doc != null;
  });
  for (let i = 0; i < docAttributes.length; ++i) {
    validDocIndexToOriginalIndex.set(i, originalDocIndex.get(docAttributes[i]));
  }

  // Make sure validation errors are in the same order as the
  // original documents, so if both doc1 and doc2 both fail validation,
  // `Model.insertMany([doc1, doc2])` will always have doc1's validation
  // error before doc2's. Re: gh-12791.
  if (validationErrors.length > 0) {
    validationErrors.sort((err1, err2) => {
      return validationErrorsToOriginalOrder.get(err1) - validationErrorsToOriginalOrder.get(err2);
    });
  }

  // Quickly escape while there aren't any valid docAttributes
  if (docAttributes.length === 0) {
    if (throwOnValidationError) {
      throw new MongooseBulkWriteError(
        validationErrors,
        results,
        null,
        'insertMany'
      );
    }
    if (rawResult) {
      const res = {
        acknowledged: true,
        insertedCount: 0,
        insertedIds: {}
      };
      decorateBulkWriteResult(res, validationErrors, validationErrors);
      return res;
    }
    return [];
  }
  const docObjects = lean ? docAttributes : docAttributes.map(function(doc) {
    if (doc.$__schema.options.versionKey) {
      doc[doc.$__schema.options.versionKey] = 0;
    }
    const shouldSetTimestamps = options?.timestamps !== false && doc.initializeTimestamps && (!doc.$__ || doc.$__.timestamps !== false);
    if (shouldSetTimestamps) {
      doc.initializeTimestamps(options?.timestamps);
    }
    if (doc.$__hasOnlyPrimitiveValues()) {
      return doc.$__toObjectShallow();
    }
    return doc.toObject(internalToObjectOptions);
  });

  let res;
  try {
    res = await this.$__collection.insertMany(docObjects, options);
  } catch (error) {
    // `writeErrors` is a property reported by the MongoDB driver,
    // just not if there's only 1 error.
    if (error.writeErrors == null &&
        error.result?.result?.writeErrors != null) {
      error.writeErrors = error.result.result.writeErrors;
    }

    // `insertedDocs` is a Mongoose-specific property
    const hasWriteErrors = error?.writeErrors;
    const erroredIndexes = new Set((error?.writeErrors || []).map(err => err.index));

    if (error.writeErrors != null) {
      for (let i = 0; i < error.writeErrors.length; ++i) {
        const originalIndex = validDocIndexToOriginalIndex.get(error.writeErrors[i].index);
        error.writeErrors[i] = { ...error.writeErrors[i], index: originalIndex };
        if (!ordered) {
          results[originalIndex] = error.writeErrors[i];
        }
      }
    }

    if (!ordered) {
      for (let i = 0; i < results.length; ++i) {
        if (results[i] === void 0) {
          results[i] = docs[i];
        }
      }

      error.results = results;
    }

    let firstErroredIndex = -1;
    error.insertedDocs = docAttributes.
      filter((doc, i) => {
        const isErrored = !hasWriteErrors || erroredIndexes.has(i);

        if (ordered) {
          if (firstErroredIndex > -1) {
            return i < firstErroredIndex;
          }

          if (isErrored) {
            firstErroredIndex = i;
          }
        }

        return !isErrored;
      }).
      map(function setIsNewForInsertedDoc(doc) {
        if (lean) {
          return doc;
        }
        doc.$__reset();
        _setIsNew(doc, false);
        return doc;
      });

    if (rawResult && ordered === false) {
      decorateBulkWriteResult(error, validationErrors, results);
    }

    await this._middleware.execPost('insertMany', this, [arr], { error, filter: postFilter });
  }

  if (!lean) {
    for (const attribute of docAttributes) {
      attribute.$__reset();
      _setIsNew(attribute, false);
    }
  }

  if (ordered === false && throwOnValidationError && validationErrors.length > 0) {
    for (let i = 0; i < results.length; ++i) {
      if (results[i] === void 0) {
        results[i] = docs[i];
      }
    }
    throw new MongooseBulkWriteError(
      validationErrors,
      results,
      res,
      'insertMany'
    );
  }

  if (rawResult) {
    if (ordered === false) {
      for (let i = 0; i < results.length; ++i) {
        if (results[i] === void 0) {
          results[i] = docs[i];
        }
      }

      // Decorate with mongoose validation errors in case of unordered,
      // because then still do `insertMany()`
      decorateBulkWriteResult(res, validationErrors, results);
    }
    return res;
  }

  if (options.populate != null) {
    return this.populate(docAttributes, options.populate).catch(err => {
      if (err != null) {
        err.insertedDocs = docAttributes;
      }
      throw err;
    });
  }

  const [result] = await this._middleware.execPost('insertMany', this, [docAttributes], { filter: postFilter });
  return result;
};

/*!
 * ignore
 */

function _setIsNew(doc, val) {
  doc.$isNew = val;
  doc.$emit('isNew', val);
  doc.constructor.emit('isNew', val);

  const subdocs = doc.$getAllSubdocs({ useCache: true });
  for (const subdoc of subdocs) {
    subdoc.$isNew = val;
    subdoc.$emit('isNew', val);
  }
}

/**
 * Sends multiple `insertOne`, `updateOne`, `updateMany`, `replaceOne`,
 * `deleteOne`, and/or `deleteMany` operations to the MongoDB server in one
 * command. This is faster than sending multiple independent operations (e.g.
 * if you use `create()`) because with `bulkWrite()` there is only one round
 * trip to MongoDB.
 *
 * Mongoose will perform casting on all operations you provide.
 * The only exception is [setting the `update` operator for `updateOne` or `updateMany` to a pipeline](https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/reference/method/db.collection.bulkWrite/#updateone-and-updatemany): Mongoose does **not** cast update pipelines.
 *
 * This function does **not** trigger any middleware, neither `save()`, nor `update()`.
 * If you need to trigger
 * `save()` middleware for every document use [`create()`](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/model.html#Model.create()) instead.
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     Character.bulkWrite([
 *       {
 *         insertOne: {
 *           document: {
 *             name: 'Eddard Stark',
 *             title: 'Warden of the North'
 *           }
 *         }
 *       },
 *       {
 *         updateOne: {
 *           filter: { name: 'Eddard Stark' },
 *           // If you were using the MongoDB driver directly, you'd need to do
 *           // `update: { $set: { title: ... } }` but mongoose adds $set for
 *           // you.
 *           update: { title: 'Hand of the King' }
 *         }
 *       },
 *       {
 *         deleteOne: {
 *           filter: { name: 'Eddard Stark' }
 *         }
 *       }
 *     ]).then(res => {
 *      // Prints "1 1 1"
 *      console.log(res.insertedCount, res.modifiedCount, res.deletedCount);
 *     });
 *
 *     // Mongoose does **not** cast update pipelines, so no casting for the `update` option below.
 *     // Mongoose does still cast `filter`
 *     await Character.bulkWrite([{
 *       updateOne: {
 *         filter: { name: 'Annika Hansen' },
 *         update: [{ $set: { name: 7 } }] // Array means update pipeline, so Mongoose skips casting
 *       }
 *     }]);
 *
 * The [supported operations](https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/reference/method/db.collection.bulkWrite/#db.collection.bulkWrite) are:
 *
 * - `insertOne`
 * - `updateOne`
 * - `updateMany`
 * - `deleteOne`
 * - `deleteMany`
 * - `replaceOne`
 *
 * @param {Array} ops
 * @param {object} [ops.insertOne.document] The document to insert
 * @param {object} [ops.insertOne.timestamps=true] If false, do not apply [timestamps](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/guide.html#timestamps) to the operation
 * @param {object} [ops.updateOne.filter] Update the first document that matches this filter
 * @param {object} [ops.updateOne.update] An object containing [update operators](https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/reference/operator/update/)
 * @param {boolean} [ops.updateOne.upsert=false] If true, insert a doc if none match
 * @param {boolean} [ops.updateOne.timestamps=true] If false, do not apply [timestamps](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/guide.html#timestamps) to the operation
 * @param {boolean} [ops.updateOne.overwriteImmutable=false] Mongoose removes updated immutable properties from `update` by default (excluding $setOnInsert). Set `overwriteImmutable` to `true` to allow updating immutable properties using other update operators.
 * @param {object} [ops.updateOne.collation] The [MongoDB collation](https://thecodebarbarian.com/a-nodejs-perspective-on-mongodb-34-collations) to use
 * @param {Array} [ops.updateOne.arrayFilters] The [array filters](https://thecodebarbarian.com/a-nodejs-perspective-on-mongodb-36-array-filters.html) used in `update`
 * @param {object} [ops.updateMany.filter] Update all the documents that match this filter
 * @param {object} [ops.updateMany.update] An object containing [update operators](https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/reference/operator/update/)
 * @param {boolean} [ops.updateMany.upsert=false] If true, insert a doc if no documents match `filter`
 * @param {boolean} [ops.updateMany.timestamps=true] If false, do not apply [timestamps](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/guide.html#timestamps) to the operation
 * @param {boolean} [ops.updateMany.overwriteImmutable=false] Mongoose removes updated immutable properties from `update` by default (excluding $setOnInsert). Set `overwriteImmutable` to `true` to allow updating immutable properties using other update operators.
 * @param {object} [ops.updateMany.collation] The [MongoDB collation](https://thecodebarbarian.com/a-nodejs-perspective-on-mongodb-34-collations) to use
 * @param {Array} [ops.updateMany.arrayFilters] The [array filters](https://thecodebarbarian.com/a-nodejs-perspective-on-mongodb-36-array-filters.html) used in `update`
 * @param {object} [ops.deleteOne.filter] Delete the first document that matches this filter
 * @param {object} [ops.deleteMany.filter] Delete all documents that match this filter
 * @param {object} [ops.replaceOne.filter] Replace the first document that matches this filter
 * @param {object} [ops.replaceOne.replacement] The replacement document
 * @param {boolean} [ops.replaceOne.upsert=false] If true, insert a doc if no documents match `filter`
 * @param {object} [ops.replaceOne.timestamps=true] If false, do not apply [timestamps](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/guide.html#timestamps) to the operation
 * @param {object} [options]
 * @param {boolean} [options.ordered=true] If true, execute writes in order and stop at the first error. If false, execute writes in parallel and continue until all writes have either succeeded or errored.
 * @param {boolean} [options.timestamps=true] If false, do not apply [timestamps](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/guide.html#timestamps) to any operations. Can be overridden at the operation-level.
 * @param {ClientSession} [options.session=null] The session associated with this bulk write. See [transactions docs](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/transactions.html).
 * @param {string|number} [options.w=1] The [write concern](https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/reference/write-concern/). See [`Query#w()`](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/query.html#Query.prototype.w()) for more information.
 * @param {number} [options.wtimeout=null] The [write concern timeout](https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/reference/write-concern/#wtimeout).
 * @param {boolean} [options.j=true] If false, disable [journal acknowledgement](https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/reference/write-concern/#j-option)
 * @param {boolean} [options.skipValidation=false] Set to true to skip Mongoose schema validation on bulk write operations. Mongoose currently runs validation on `insertOne` and `replaceOne` operations by default.
 * @param {boolean} [options.bypassDocumentValidation=false] If true, disable [MongoDB server-side schema validation](https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/core/schema-validation/) for all writes in this bulk.
 * @param {boolean} [options.throwOnValidationError=false] If true and `ordered: false`, throw an error if one of the operations failed validation, but all valid operations completed successfully. Note that Mongoose will still send all valid operations to the MongoDB server.
 * @param {boolean|"throw"} [options.strict=null] Overwrites the [`strict` option](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/guide.html#strict) on schema. If false, allows filtering and writing fields not defined in the schema for all writes in this bulk.
 * @param {boolean|object} [options.middleware=true] set to `false` to skip all user-defined middleware
 * @param {boolean} [options.middleware.pre=true] set to `false` to skip only pre hooks
 * @param {boolean} [options.middleware.post=true] set to `false` to skip only post hooks
 * @return {Promise} resolves to a [`BulkWriteOpResult`](https://mongodb.github.io/node-mongodb-native/7.0/classes/BulkWriteResult.html) if the operation succeeds
 * @api public
 */

Model.bulkWrite = async function bulkWrite(ops, options) {
  _checkContext(this, 'bulkWrite');

  if (typeof options === 'function' ||
      typeof arguments[2] === 'function') {
    throw new MongooseError('Model.bulkWrite() no longer accepts a callback');
  }
  options = options || {};
  const preFilter = buildMiddlewareFilter(options, 'pre');
  const postFilter = buildMiddlewareFilter(options, 'post');

  try {
    [ops, options] = await this.hooks.execPre('bulkWrite', this, [ops, options], { filter: preFilter });
  } catch (err) {
    if (err instanceof Kareem.skipWrappedFunction) {
      ops = err;
    } else {
      await this.hooks.execPost('bulkWrite', this, [null], { error: err, filter: postFilter });
    }
  }

  if (ops instanceof Kareem.skipWrappedFunction) {
    return ops.args[0];
  }

  const ordered = options.ordered == null ? true : options.ordered;

  if (ops.length === 0) {
    const BulkWriteResult = this.base.driver.get().BulkWriteResult;
    const bulkWriteResult = new BulkWriteResult(getDefaultBulkwriteResult(), false);
    bulkWriteResult.n = 0;
    decorateBulkWriteResult(bulkWriteResult, [], []);
    return bulkWriteResult;
  }

  const validations = options?._skipCastBulkWrite ? [] : ops.map(op => castBulkWrite(this, op, options));
  const asyncLocalStorage = this.db.base.transactionAsyncLocalStorage?.getStore();
  if ((!options || !Object.hasOwn(options, 'session')) && asyncLocalStorage?.session != null) {
    options = { ...options, session: asyncLocalStorage.session };
  }

  let res = null;
  if (ordered) {
    await new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
      each(validations, (fn, cb) => fn(cb), error => {
        if (error) {
          return reject(error);
        }

        resolve();
      });
    });

    try {
      res = await this.$__collection.bulkWrite(ops, options);
    } catch (error) {
      await this.hooks.execPost('bulkWrite', this, [null], { error, filter: postFilter });
    }
  } else {
    let validOpIndexes = [];
    let validationErrors = [];
    const results = [];
    if (validations.length > 0) {
      validOpIndexes = await Promise.all(ops.map((op, i) => {
        if (i >= validations.length) {
          return i;
        }
        return new Promise((resolve) => {
          validations[i]((err) => {
            if (err == null) {
              resolve(i);
            } else {
              validationErrors.push({ index: i, error: err });
              results[i] = err;
            }
            resolve();
          });
        });
      }));
      validOpIndexes = validOpIndexes.filter(index => index != null);
    } else {
      validOpIndexes = ops.map((op, i) => i);
    }

    validationErrors = validationErrors.
      sort((v1, v2) => v1.index - v2.index).
      map(v => v.error);

    const validOps = validOpIndexes.sort((a, b) => a - b).map(index => ops[index]);

    if (validOps.length === 0) {
      if (options.throwOnValidationError && validationErrors.length) {
        throw new MongooseBulkWriteError(
          validationErrors,
          results,
          res,
          'bulkWrite'
        );
      }
      const BulkWriteResult = this.base.driver.get().BulkWriteResult;
      const bulkWriteResult = new BulkWriteResult(getDefaultBulkwriteResult(), false);
      bulkWriteResult.result = getDefaultBulkwriteResult();
      decorateBulkWriteResult(bulkWriteResult, validationErrors, results);
      return bulkWriteResult;
    }

    let error;
    [res, error] = await this.$__collection.bulkWrite(validOps, options).
      then(res => ([res, null])).
      catch(error => ([null, error]));

    const writeErrorsByIndex = {};
    if (error?.writeErrors) {
      for (const writeError of error.writeErrors) {
        writeErrorsByIndex[writeError.err.index] = writeError;
      }
    }
    for (let i = 0; i < validOpIndexes.length; ++i) {
      results[validOpIndexes[i]] = writeErrorsByIndex[i] ?? null;
    }
    if (error) {
      if (validationErrors.length > 0) {
        decorateBulkWriteResult(error, validationErrors, results);
      }

      await this.hooks.execPost('bulkWrite', this, [null], { error, filter: postFilter });
    }

    if (validationErrors.length > 0) {
      if (options.throwOnValidationError) {
        throw new MongooseBulkWriteError(
          validationErrors,
          results,
          res,
          'bulkWrite'
        );
      } else {
        decorateBulkWriteResult(res, validationErrors, results);
      }
    }
  }

  await this.hooks.execPost('bulkWrite', this, [res], { filter: postFilter });

  return res;
};

/**
 * Takes an array of documents, gets the changes and inserts/updates documents in the database
 * according to whether or not the document is new, or whether it has changes or not.
 *
 * `bulkSave` uses `bulkWrite` under the hood, so it's mostly useful when dealing with many documents (10K+)
 *
 * `bulkSave()` throws errors under the following conditions:
 *
 * - one of the provided documents fails validation. In this case, `bulkSave()` does not send a `bulkWrite()`, and throws the first validation error.
 * - `bulkWrite()` fails (for example, due to being unable to connect to MongoDB or due to duplicate key error)
 * - `bulkWrite()` did not insert or update **any** documents. In this case, `bulkSave()` will throw a DocumentNotFound error.
 *
 * Note that `bulkSave()` will **not** throw an error if only some of the `save()` calls succeeded.
 *
 * @param {Document[]} documents
 * @param {object} [options] options passed to the underlying `bulkWrite()`
 * @param {boolean} [options.timestamps] defaults to `null`, when set to false, mongoose will not add/update timestamps to the documents.
 * @param {ClientSession} [options.session=null] The session associated with this bulk write. See [transactions docs](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/transactions.html).
 * @param {string|number} [options.w=1] The [write concern](https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/reference/write-concern/). See [`Query#w()`](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/query.html#Query.prototype.w()) for more information.
 * @param {number} [options.wtimeout=null] The [write concern timeout](https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/reference/write-concern/#wtimeout).
 * @param {boolean} [options.j=true] If false, disable [journal acknowledgement](https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/reference/write-concern/#j-option)
 * @param {boolean} [options.validateBeforeSave=true] set to `false` to skip Mongoose validation on all documents
 * @param {boolean|object} [options.middleware=true] set to `false` to skip all user-defined middleware
 * @param {boolean} [options.middleware.pre=true] set to `false` to skip only pre hooks
 * @param {boolean} [options.middleware.post=true] set to `false` to skip only post hooks
 * @return {BulkWriteResult} the return value from `bulkWrite()`
 */
Model.bulkSave = async function bulkSave(documents, options) {
  options = options || {};

  if (options.timestamps != null) {
    for (const document of documents) {
      document.$__.saveOptions = document.$__.saveOptions || {};
      document.$__.saveOptions.timestamps = options.timestamps;
    }
  } else {
    for (const document of documents) {
      if (document.$__.timestamps != null) {
        document.$__.saveOptions = document.$__.saveOptions || {};
        document.$__.saveOptions.timestamps = document.$__.timestamps;
      }
    }
  }

  await Promise.all(documents.map(doc => buildPreSavePromise(doc, options)));

  const writeOperations = this.buildBulkWriteOperations(documents, options);
  const opts = { skipValidation: true, _skipCastBulkWrite: true, ...options };
  const { bulkWriteResult, bulkWriteError } = await this.bulkWrite(writeOperations, opts).then(
    (res) => ({ bulkWriteResult: res, bulkWriteError: null }),
    (err) => ({ bulkWriteResult: null, bulkWriteError: err })
  );
  // If not a MongoBulkWriteError, treat this as all documents failed to save.
  if (bulkWriteError != null && bulkWriteError.name !== 'MongoBulkWriteError') {
    throw bulkWriteError;
  }

  const matchedCount = bulkWriteResult?.matchedCount ?? 0;
  const insertedCount = bulkWriteResult?.insertedCount ?? 0;
  if (writeOperations.length > 0 && matchedCount + insertedCount < writeOperations.length && !bulkWriteError) {
    throw new MongooseBulkSaveIncompleteError(
      this.modelName,
      documents,
      bulkWriteResult
    );
  }

  const successfulDocuments = [];
  for (let i = 0; i < documents.length; i++) {
    const document = documents[i];
    const documentError = bulkWriteError?.writeErrors.find(writeError => {
      const writeErrorDocumentId = writeError.err.op._id || writeError.err.op.q._id;
      return writeErrorDocumentId.toString() === document._doc._id.toString();
    });

    if (documentError == null) {
      successfulDocuments.push(document);
    }
  }
  await Promise.all(successfulDocuments.map(document => handleSuccessfulWrite(document, options)));

  if (bulkWriteError != null) {
    throw bulkWriteError;
  }

  return bulkWriteResult;
};

async function buildPreSavePromise(document, options) {
  const preFilter = buildMiddlewareFilter(options, 'pre');
  const [newOptions] = await document.schema.s.hooks.execPre('save', document, [options], { filter: preFilter });
  if (newOptions !== options) {
    throw new MongooseError('Cannot overwrite options in pre("save") hook on bulkSave()');
  }
}

async function handleSuccessfulWrite(document, options) {
  if (document.$isNew) {
    _setIsNew(document, false);
  }

  document.$__reset();
  document._applyVersionIncrement();
  const postFilter = buildMiddlewareFilter(options, 'post');
  return document.schema.s.hooks.execPost('save', document, [document], { filter: postFilter });
}

/**
 * Apply defaults to the given document or POJO.
 *
 * @param {object|Document} obj object or document to apply defaults on
 * @returns {object|Document}
 * @api public
 */

Model.applyDefaults = function applyDefaults(doc) {
  if (doc == null) {
    return doc;
  }
  if (doc.$__ != null) {
    applyDefaultsHelper(doc, doc.$__.fields, doc.$__.exclude);

    for (const subdoc of doc.$getAllSubdocs()) {
      applyDefaults(subdoc, subdoc.$__.fields, subdoc.$__.exclude);
    }

    return doc;
  }

  applyDefaultsToPOJO(doc, this.schema);

  return doc;
};

/**
 * Apply this model's virtuals to a given POJO. Virtuals execute with the POJO as the context `this`.
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     const userSchema = new Schema({ name: String });
 *     userSchema.virtual('upper').get(function() { return this.name.toUpperCase(); });
 *     const User = mongoose.model('User', userSchema);
 *
 *     const obj = { name: 'John' };
 *     User.applyVirtuals(obj);
 *     obj.name; // 'John'
 *     obj.upper; // 'JOHN', Mongoose applied the return value of the virtual to the given object
 *
 * @param {object} obj object or document to apply virtuals on
 * @param {string[]} [virtualsToApply] optional whitelist of virtuals to apply
 * @returns {object} obj
 * @api public
 */

Model.applyVirtuals = function applyVirtuals(obj, virtualsToApply) {
  if (obj == null) {
    return obj;
  }
  // Nothing to do if this is already a hydrated document - it should already have virtuals
  if (obj.$__ != null) {
    return obj;
  }

  applyVirtualsHelper(this.schema, obj, virtualsToApply);

  return obj;
};

/**
 * Apply this model's timestamps to a given POJO, including subdocument timestamps
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     const userSchema = new Schema({ name: String }, { timestamps: true });
 *     const User = mongoose.model('User', userSchema);
 *
 *     const obj = { name: 'John' };
 *     User.applyTimestamps(obj);
 *     obj.createdAt; // 2024-06-01T18:00:00.000Z
 *     obj.updatedAt; // 2024-06-01T18:00:00.000Z
 *
 * @param {object} obj object or document to apply virtuals on
 * @param {object} [options]
 * @param {boolean} [options.isUpdate=false] if true, treat this as an update: just set updatedAt, skip setting createdAt. If false, set both createdAt and updatedAt
 * @param {Function} [options.currentTime] if set, Mongoose will call this function to get the current time.
 * @returns {object} obj
 * @api public
 */

Model.applyTimestamps = function applyTimestamps(obj, options) {
  if (obj == null) {
    return obj;
  }
  // Nothing to do if this is already a hydrated document - it should already have timestamps
  if (obj.$__ != null) {
    return obj;
  }

  applyTimestampsHelper(this.schema, obj, options);

  return obj;
};

/**
 * Cast the given POJO to the model's schema
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     const Test = mongoose.model('Test', Schema({ num: Number }));
 *
 *     const obj = Test.castObject({ num: '42' });
 *     obj.num; // 42 as a number
 *
 *     Test.castObject({ num: 'not a number' }); // Throws a ValidationError
 *
 * @param {object} obj object or document to cast
 * @param {object} options options passed to castObject
 * @param {boolean} options.ignoreCastErrors If set to `true` will not throw a ValidationError and only return values that were successfully cast.
 * @returns {object} POJO casted to the model's schema
 * @throws {ValidationError} if casting failed for at least one path
 * @api public
 */

Model.castObject = function castObject(obj, options) {
  options = options || {};
  const ret = {};

  let schema = this.schema;
  const discriminatorKey = schema.options.discriminatorKey;
  if (schema.discriminators != null && obj != null && obj[discriminatorKey] != null) {
    schema = getSchemaDiscriminatorByValue(schema, obj[discriminatorKey]) || schema;
  }
  const paths = Object.keys(schema.paths);

  for (const path of paths) {
    const schemaType = schema.path(path);
    if (!schemaType?.$isMongooseArray) {
      continue;
    }

    const val = get(obj, path);
    pushNestedArrayPaths(paths, val, path);
  }

  let error = null;

  for (const path of paths) {
    const schemaType = schema.path(path);
    if (schemaType == null) {
      continue;
    }

    let val = get(obj, path, void 0);

    if (val == null) {
      continue;
    }

    const pieces = path.indexOf('.') === -1 ? [path] : path.split('.');
    let cur = ret;
    for (let i = 0; i < pieces.length - 1; ++i) {
      if (cur[pieces[i]] == null) {
        cur[pieces[i]] = isNaN(pieces[i + 1]) ? {} : [];
      }
      cur = cur[pieces[i]];
    }

    if (schemaType.$isMongooseDocumentArray) {
      const castNonArraysOption = schemaType.options?.castNonArrays ?? schemaType.constructor.options.castNonArrays;
      if (!Array.isArray(val)) {
        if (!castNonArraysOption) {
          if (!options.ignoreCastErrors) {
            error = error || new ValidationError();
            error.addError(path, new ObjectExpectedError(path, val));
          }
        } else {
          cur[pieces[pieces.length - 1]] = [
            Model.castObject.call(schemaType.Constructor, val)
          ];
        }

        continue;
      }
    }
    if (schemaType.$isSingleNested || schemaType.$isMongooseDocumentArrayElement) {
      try {
        val = Model.castObject.call(schemaType.Constructor, val);
      } catch (err) {
        if (!options.ignoreCastErrors) {
          error = error || new ValidationError();
          error.addError(path, err);
        }
        continue;
      }

      cur[pieces[pieces.length - 1]] = val;
      continue;
    }

    try {
      val = schemaType.cast(val);
      cur[pieces[pieces.length - 1]] = val;
    } catch (err) {
      if (!options.ignoreCastErrors) {
        error = error || new ValidationError();
        error.addError(path, err);
      }

      continue;
    }
  }

  if (error != null) {
    throw error;
  }

  return ret;
};

/**
 * Build bulk write operations for `bulkSave()`.
 *
 * @param {Document[]} documents The array of documents to build write operations of
 * @param {object} options
 * @param {boolean} options.skipValidation defaults to `false`, when set to true, building the write operations will bypass validating the documents.
 * @param {boolean} options.timestamps defaults to `null`, when set to false, mongoose will not add/update timestamps to the documents.
 * @return {Promise[]} Returns a array of all Promises the function executes to be awaited.
 * @api private
 */

Model.buildBulkWriteOperations = function buildBulkWriteOperations(documents, options) {
  if (!Array.isArray(documents)) {
    throw new MongooseError(`bulkSave expects an array of documents to be passed, received \`${documents}\` instead`);
  }

  setDefaultOptions();

  const writeOperations = documents.map((document, i) => {
    if (!options.skipValidation) {
      if (!(document instanceof Document)) {
        throw new MongooseError(`documents.${i} was not a mongoose document, documents must be an array of mongoose documents (instanceof mongoose.Document).`);
      }
      if (options.validateBeforeSave == null || options.validateBeforeSave) {
        const err = document.validateSync();
        if (err != null) {
          throw err;
        }
      }
    }

    const isANewDocument = document.isNew;
    if (isANewDocument) {
      const writeOperation = { insertOne: { document } };
      utils.injectTimestampsOption(writeOperation.insertOne, options.timestamps);
      return writeOperation;
    }

    const delta = document.$__delta();
    const isDocumentWithChanges = delta != null && !utils.isEmptyObject(delta[0]);

    if (isDocumentWithChanges) {
      const where = document.$__where(delta[0]);
      const changes = delta[1];

      _applyCustomWhere(document, where);

      // If shard key is set, add shard keys to _filter_ condition to right shard is targeted
      const shardKey = this.schema.options.shardKey;
      if (shardKey) {
        const paths = Object.keys(shardKey);
        const len = paths.length;

        for (let i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
          where[paths[i]] = document[paths[i]];
        }
      }

      document.$__version(where, delta);
      const writeOperation = { updateOne: { filter: where, update: changes } };
      utils.injectTimestampsOption(writeOperation.updateOne, options.timestamps);
      return writeOperation;
    }

    return null;
  }).filter(op => op !== null);

  return writeOperations;


  function setDefaultOptions() {
    options = options || {};
    if (options.skipValidation == null) {
      options.skipValidation = false;
    }
  }
};


/**
 * Shortcut for creating a new Document from existing raw data, pre-saved in the DB.
 * The document returned has no paths marked as modified initially.
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     // hydrate previous data into a Mongoose document
 *     const mongooseCandy = Candy.hydrate({ _id: '54108337212ffb6d459f854c', type: 'jelly bean' });
 *
 * @param {object} obj
 * @param {object|string|string[]} [projection] optional projection containing which fields should be selected for this document
 * @param {object} [options] optional options
 * @param {boolean} [options.setters=false] if true, apply schema setters when hydrating
 * @param {boolean} [options.hydratedPopulatedDocs=false] if true, populates the docs if passing pre-populated data
 * @param {boolean} [options.virtuals=false] if true, sets any virtuals present on `obj`
 * @param {boolean|'throw'} [options.strict=false] configure strict mode for the hydrated document. In particular, if strict is false, fields not in the schema won't be stripped out; if strict is 'throw', `hydrate()` will throw an error if there are any fields that are not in the schema. Defaults to true (silently strip out fields not in the schema).
 * @return {Document} document instance
 * @api public
 */

Model.hydrate = function hydrate(obj, projection, options) {
  _checkContext(this, 'hydrate');

  if (options?.virtuals && options?.hydratedPopulatedDocs === false) {
    throw new MongooseError('Cannot set `hydratedPopulatedDocs` option to false if `virtuals` option is truthy because `virtuals: true` also sets populated virtuals');
  }

  if (projection != null) {
    if (obj?.$__ != null) {
      obj = obj.toObject(internalToObjectOptions);
    }
    projection = parseProjection(projection);
    obj = applyProjection(obj, projection);
  }
  const document = require('./queryHelpers').createModel(this, obj, projection, projection, options);
  document.$init(obj, options);
  return document;
};

/**
 * Same as `updateOne()`, except MongoDB will update _all_ documents that match
 * `filter` (as opposed to just the first one) regardless of the value of
 * the `multi` option.
 *
 * **Note** updateMany will _not_ fire update middleware. Use `pre('updateMany')`
 * and `post('updateMany')` instead.
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     const res = await Person.updateMany({ name: /Stark$/ }, { isDeleted: true });
 *     res.matchedCount; // Number of documents matched
 *     res.modifiedCount; // Number of documents modified
 *     res.acknowledged; // Boolean indicating the MongoDB server received the operation. This may be false if Mongoose did not send an update to the server because the update was empty.
 *     res.upsertedId; // null or an id containing a document that had to be upserted.
 *     res.upsertedCount; // Number indicating how many documents had to be upserted. Will either be 0 or 1.
 *
 *     // Other supported syntaxes
 *     await Person.find({ name: /Stark$/ }).updateMany({ isDeleted: true }); // Using chaining syntax
 *     await Person.find().updateMany({ isDeleted: true }); // Set `isDeleted` on _all_ Person documents
 *
 * This function triggers the following middleware.
 *
 * - `updateMany()`
 *
 * @param {object} filter
 * @param {object|Array} update. If array, this update will be treated as an update pipeline and not casted.
 * @param {object} [options] optional see [`Query.prototype.setOptions()`](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/query.html#Query.prototype.setOptions())
 * @param {boolean|'throw'} [options.strict] overwrites the schema's [strict mode option](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/guide.html#strict)
 * @param {boolean} [options.upsert=false] if true, and no documents found, insert a new document
 * @param {object} [options.writeConcern=null] sets the [write concern](https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/reference/write-concern/) for replica sets. Overrides the [schema-level write concern](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/guide.html#writeConcern)
 * @param {boolean} [options.timestamps=null] If set to `false` and [schema-level timestamps](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/guide.html#timestamps) are enabled, skip timestamps for this update. Does nothing if schema-level timestamps are not set.
 * @param {boolean} [options.translateAliases=null] If set to `true`, translates any schema-defined aliases in `filter`, `projection`, `update`, and `distinct`. Throws an error if there are any conflicts where both alias and raw property are defined on the same object.
 * @param {boolean} [options.overwriteDiscriminatorKey=false] Mongoose removes discriminator key updates from `update` by default, set `overwriteDiscriminatorKey` to `true` to allow updating the discriminator key
 * @return {Query}
 * @see Query docs https://mongoosejs.com/docs/queries.html
 * @see MongoDB docs https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/reference/command/update/#update-command-output
 * @see UpdateResult https://mongodb.github.io/node-mongodb-native/7.0/interfaces/UpdateResult.html
 * @api public
 */

Model.updateMany = function updateMany(conditions, update, options) {
  _checkContext(this, 'updateMany');

  if (update == null) {
    throw new MongooseError('updateMany `update` parameter cannot be nullish');
  }

  return _update(this, 'updateMany', conditions, update, options);
};

/**
 * Update _only_ the first document that matches `filter`.
 *
 * - Use `replaceOne()` if you want to overwrite an entire document rather than using atomic operators like `$set`.
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     const res = await Person.updateOne({ name: 'Jean-Luc Picard' }, { ship: 'USS Enterprise' });
 *     res.matchedCount; // Number of documents matched
 *     res.modifiedCount; // Number of documents modified
 *     res.acknowledged; // Boolean indicating the MongoDB server received the operation. This may be false if Mongoose did not send an update to the server because the update was empty.
 *     res.upsertedId; // null or an id containing a document that had to be upserted.
 *     res.upsertedCount; // Number indicating how many documents had to be upserted. Will either be 0 or 1.
 *
 *     // Other supported syntaxes
 *     await Person.findOne({ name: 'Jean-Luc Picard' }).updateOne({ ship: 'USS Enterprise' }); // Using chaining syntax
 *     await Person.updateOne({ ship: 'USS Enterprise' }); // Updates first doc's `ship` property
 *
 * This function triggers the following middleware.
 *
 * - `updateOne()`
 *
 * @param {object} filter
 * @param {object|Array} update. If array, this update will be treated as an update pipeline and not casted.
 * @param {object} [options] optional see [`Query.prototype.setOptions()`](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/query.html#Query.prototype.setOptions())
 * @param {boolean|'throw'} [options.strict] overwrites the schema's [strict mode option](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/guide.html#strict)
 * @param {boolean} [options.upsert=false] if true, and no documents found, insert a new document
 * @param {object} [options.writeConcern=null] sets the [write concern](https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/reference/write-concern/) for replica sets. Overrides the [schema-level write concern](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/guide.html#writeConcern)
 * @param {boolean} [options.timestamps=null] If set to `false` and [schema-level timestamps](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/guide.html#timestamps) are enabled, skip timestamps for this update. Note that this allows you to overwrite timestamps. Does nothing if schema-level timestamps are not set.
 * @param {boolean} [options.translateAliases=null] If set to `true`, translates any schema-defined aliases in `filter`, `projection`, `update`, and `distinct`. Throws an error if there are any conflicts where both alias and raw property are defined on the same object.
 * @param {boolean} [options.overwriteDiscriminatorKey=false] Mongoose removes discriminator key updates from `update` by default, set `overwriteDiscriminatorKey` to `true` to allow updating the discriminator key
 * @return {Query}
 * @see Query docs https://mongoosejs.com/docs/queries.html
 * @see MongoDB docs https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/reference/command/update/#update-command-output
 * @see UpdateResult https://mongodb.github.io/node-mongodb-native/7.0/interfaces/UpdateResult.html
 * @api public
 */

Model.updateOne = function updateOne(conditions, doc, options) {
  _checkContext(this, 'updateOne');

  return _update(this, 'updateOne', conditions, doc, options);
};

/**
 * Replace the existing document with the given document (no atomic operators like `$set`).
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     const res = await Person.replaceOne({ _id: 24601 }, { name: 'Jean Valjean' });
 *     res.matchedCount; // Number of documents matched
 *     res.modifiedCount; // Number of documents modified
 *     res.acknowledged; // Boolean indicating the MongoDB server received the operation.
 *     res.upsertedId; // null or an id containing a document that had to be upserted.
 *     res.upsertedCount; // Number indicating how many documents had to be upserted. Will either be 0 or 1.
 *
 * This function triggers the following middleware.
 *
 * - `replaceOne()`
 *
 * @param {object} filter
 * @param {object} doc
 * @param {object} [options] optional see [`Query.prototype.setOptions()`](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/query.html#Query.prototype.setOptions())
 * @param {boolean|'throw'} [options.strict] overwrites the schema's [strict mode option](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/guide.html#strict)
 * @param {boolean} [options.upsert=false] if true, and no documents found, insert a new document
 * @param {object} [options.writeConcern=null] sets the [write concern](https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/reference/write-concern/) for replica sets. Overrides the [schema-level write concern](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/guide.html#writeConcern)
 * @param {boolean} [options.timestamps=null] If set to `false` and [schema-level timestamps](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/guide.html#timestamps) are enabled, skip timestamps for this update. Does nothing if schema-level timestamps are not set.
 * @param {boolean} [options.translateAliases=null] If set to `true`, translates any schema-defined aliases in `filter`, `projection`, `update`, and `distinct`. Throws an error if there are any conflicts where both alias and raw property are defined on the same object.
 * @return {Query}
 * @see Query docs https://mongoosejs.com/docs/queries.html
 * @see UpdateResult https://mongodb.github.io/node-mongodb-native/7.0/interfaces/UpdateResult.html
 * @return {Query}
 * @api public
 */

Model.replaceOne = function replaceOne(conditions, doc, options) {
  _checkContext(this, 'replaceOne');

  const versionKey = this?.schema?.options?.versionKey || null;
  if (versionKey && !doc[versionKey]) {
    doc[versionKey] = 0;
  }

  return _update(this, 'replaceOne', conditions, doc, options);
};

/**
 * Common code for `updateOne()`, `updateMany()`, `replaceOne()`, and `update()`
 * because they need to do the same thing
 * @api private
 */

function _update(model, op, conditions, doc, options) {
  const mq = new model.Query({}, {}, model, model.collection);

  // gh-2406
  // make local deep copy of conditions
  if (conditions instanceof Document) {
    conditions = conditions.toObject();
  } else {
    conditions = clone(conditions);
  }
  options = typeof options === 'function' ? options : clone(options);

  const versionKey = model?.schema?.options?.versionKey ?? null;
  decorateUpdateWithVersionKey(doc, options, versionKey);

  return mq[op](conditions, doc, options);
}

/**
 * Performs [aggregations](https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/aggregation/) on the models collection.
 *
 * The `aggregate` itself is returned.
 *
 * This function triggers the following middleware.
 *
 * - `aggregate()`
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     // Find the max balance of all accounts
 *     const res = await Users.aggregate([
 *       { $group: { _id: null, maxBalance: { $max: '$balance' }}},
 *       { $project: { _id: 0, maxBalance: 1 }}
 *     ]);
 *
 *     console.log(res); // [ { maxBalance: 98000 } ]
 *
 *     // Or use the aggregation pipeline builder.
 *     const res = await Users.aggregate().
 *       group({ _id: null, maxBalance: { $max: '$balance' } }).
 *       project('-id maxBalance').
 *       exec();
 *     console.log(res); // [ { maxBalance: 98 } ]
 *
 * #### Note:
 *
 * - Mongoose does **not** cast aggregation pipelines to the model's schema because `$project` and `$group` operators allow redefining the "shape" of the documents at any stage of the pipeline, which may leave documents in an incompatible format. You can use the [mongoose-cast-aggregation plugin](https://github.com/AbdelrahmanHafez/mongoose-cast-aggregation) to enable minimal casting for aggregation pipelines.
 * - The documents returned are plain javascript objects, not mongoose documents (since any shape of document can be returned).
 *
 * #### More About Aggregations:
 *
 * - [Mongoose `Aggregate`](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/aggregate.html)
 * - [An Introduction to Mongoose Aggregate](https://masteringjs.io/tutorials/mongoose/aggregate)
 * - [MongoDB Aggregation docs](https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/applications/aggregation/)
 *
 * @see Aggregate https://mongoosejs.com/docs/api/aggregate.html#Aggregate()
 * @see MongoDB https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/applications/aggregation/
 * @param {Array} [pipeline] aggregation pipeline as an array of objects
 * @param {object} [options] aggregation options
 * @return {Aggregate}
 * @api public
 */

Model.aggregate = function aggregate(pipeline, options) {
  _checkContext(this, 'aggregate');

  if (typeof options === 'function' || typeof arguments[2] === 'function') {
    throw new MongooseError('Model.aggregate() no longer accepts a callback');
  }

  const aggregate = new Aggregate(pipeline || []);
  aggregate.model(this);
  if (options != null) {
    aggregate.option(options);
  }

  return aggregate;
};

/**
 * Casts and validates the given object against this model's schema, passing the
 * given `context` to custom validators.
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     const Model = mongoose.model('Test', Schema({
 *       name: { type: String, required: true },
 *       age: { type: Number, required: true }
 *     });
 *
 *     try {
 *       await Model.validate({ name: null }, ['name'])
 *     } catch (err) {
 *       err instanceof mongoose.Error.ValidationError; // true
 *       Object.keys(err.errors); // ['name']
 *     }
 *
 * @param {object} obj
 * @param {object|Array|string} pathsOrOptions
 * @param {object} [context]
 * @return {Promise<object>} casted and validated copy of `obj` if validation succeeded
 * @api public
 */

Model.validate = async function validate(obj, pathsOrOptions, context) {
  if ((arguments.length < 3) || (arguments.length === 3 && typeof arguments[2] === 'function')) {
    // For convenience, if we're validating a document or an object, make `context` default to
    // the model so users don't have to always pass `context`, re: gh-10132, gh-10346
    context = obj;
  }
  if (typeof context === 'function' || typeof arguments[3] === 'function') {
    throw new MongooseError('Model.validate() no longer accepts a callback');
  }

  let schema = this.schema;
  const discriminatorKey = schema.options.discriminatorKey;
  if (schema.discriminators != null && obj != null && obj[discriminatorKey] != null) {
    schema = getSchemaDiscriminatorByValue(schema, obj[discriminatorKey]) || schema;
  }
  let paths = Object.keys(schema.paths);

  if (pathsOrOptions != null) {
    const _pathsToValidate = typeof pathsOrOptions === 'string' ? new Set(pathsOrOptions.split(' ')) : Array.isArray(pathsOrOptions) ? new Set(pathsOrOptions) : new Set(paths);
    paths = paths.filter(p => {
      if (pathsOrOptions.pathsToSkip) {
        if (Array.isArray(pathsOrOptions.pathsToSkip)) {
          if (pathsOrOptions.pathsToSkip.find(x => x == p)) {
            return false;
          }
        } else if (typeof pathsOrOptions.pathsToSkip == 'string') {
          if (pathsOrOptions.pathsToSkip.includes(p)) {
            return false;
          }
        }
      }
      const pieces = p.split('.');
      let cur = pieces[0];

      for (const piece of pieces) {
        if (_pathsToValidate.has(cur)) {
          return true;
        }
        cur += '.' + piece;
      }

      return _pathsToValidate.has(p);
    });
  }

  for (const path of paths) {
    const schemaType = schema.path(path);
    if (!schemaType?.$isMongooseArray || schemaType.$isMongooseDocumentArray) {
      continue;
    }

    const val = get(obj, path);
    pushNestedArrayPaths(paths, val, path);
  }

  let error = null;
  paths = new Set(paths);

  try {
    obj = this.castObject(obj);
  } catch (err) {
    error = err;
    for (const key of Object.keys(error.errors || {})) {
      paths.delete(key);
    }
  }

  const promises = [];
  for (const path of paths) {
    const schemaType = schema.path(path);
    if (schemaType == null) {
      continue;
    }

    const pieces = path.indexOf('.') === -1 ? [path] : path.split('.');
    let cur = obj;
    for (let i = 0; i < pieces.length - 1; ++i) {
      cur = cur[pieces[i]];
    }

    const val = get(obj, path, void 0);
    promises.push(
      schemaType.doValidate(val, context, { path: path }).catch(err => {
        error = error || new ValidationError();
        error.addError(path, err);
      })
    );
  }

  await Promise.all(promises);
  if (error != null) {
    throw error;
  }

  return obj;
};

/**
 * Populates document references.
 *
 * Changed in Mongoose 6: the model you call `populate()` on should be the
 * "local field" model, **not** the "foreign field" model.
 *
 * #### Available top-level options:
 *
 * - path: space delimited path(s) to populate
 * - select: optional fields to select
 * - match: optional query conditions to match
 * - model: optional name of the model to use for population
 * - options: optional query options like sort, limit, etc
 * - justOne: optional boolean, if true Mongoose will always set `path` to a document, or `null` if no document was found. If false, Mongoose will always set `path` to an array, which will be empty if no documents are found. Inferred from schema by default.
 * - strictPopulate: optional boolean, set to `false` to allow populating paths that aren't in the schema.
 * - forceRepopulate: optional boolean, defaults to `true`. Set to `false` to prevent Mongoose from repopulating paths that are already populated
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     const Dog = mongoose.model('Dog', new Schema({ name: String, breed: String }));
 *     const Person = mongoose.model('Person', new Schema({
 *       name: String,
 *       pet: { type: mongoose.ObjectId, ref: 'Dog' }
 *     }));
 *
 *     const pets = await Pet.create([
 *       { name: 'Daisy', breed: 'Beagle' },
 *       { name: 'Einstein', breed: 'Catalan Sheepdog' }
 *     ]);
 *
 *     // populate many plain objects
 *     const users = [
 *       { name: 'John Wick', dog: pets[0]._id },
 *       { name: 'Doc Brown', dog: pets[1]._id }
 *     ];
 *     await User.populate(users, { path: 'dog', select: 'name' });
 *     users[0].dog.name; // 'Daisy'
 *     users[0].dog.breed; // undefined because of `select`
 *
 * @param {Document|Array} docs Either a single document or array of documents to populate.
 * @param {object|string} options Either the paths to populate or an object specifying all parameters
 * @param {string} [options.path=null] The path to populate.
 * @param {string|PopulateOptions} [options.populate=null] Recursively populate paths in the populated documents. See [deep populate docs](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/populate.html#deep-populate).
 * @param {boolean} [options.retainNullValues=false] By default, Mongoose removes null and undefined values from populated arrays. Use this option to make `populate()` retain `null` and `undefined` array entries.
 * @param {boolean} [options.getters=false] If true, Mongoose will call any getters defined on the `localField`. By default, Mongoose gets the raw value of `localField`. For example, you would need to set this option to `true` if you wanted to [add a `lowercase` getter to your `localField`](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/schematypes.html#schematype-options).
 * @param {boolean} [options.clone=false] When you do `BlogPost.find().populate('author')`, blog posts with the same author will share 1 copy of an `author` doc. Enable this option to make Mongoose clone populated docs before assigning them.
 * @param {object|Function} [options.match=null] Add an additional filter to the populate query. Can be a filter object containing [MongoDB query syntax](https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/tutorial/query-documents/), or a function that returns a filter object.
 * @param {boolean} [options.skipInvalidIds=false] By default, Mongoose throws a cast error if `localField` and `foreignField` schemas don't line up. If you enable this option, Mongoose will instead filter out any `localField` properties that cannot be casted to `foreignField`'s schema type.
 * @param {number} [options.perDocumentLimit=null] For legacy reasons, `limit` with `populate()` may give incorrect results because it only executes a single query for every document being populated. If you set `perDocumentLimit`, Mongoose will ensure correct `limit` per document by executing a separate query for each document to `populate()`. For example, `.find().populate({ path: 'test', perDocumentLimit: 2 })` will execute 2 additional queries if `.find()` returns 2 documents.
 * @param {boolean} [options.strictPopulate=true] Set to false to allow populating paths that aren't defined in the given model's schema.
 * @param {object} [options.options=null] Additional options like `limit` and `lean`.
 * @param {Function} [options.transform=null] Function that Mongoose will call on every populated document that allows you to transform the populated document.
 * @param {boolean} [options.forceRepopulate=true] Set to `false` to prevent Mongoose from repopulating paths that are already populated
 * @param {boolean} [options.ordered=false] Set to `true` to execute any populate queries one at a time, as opposed to in parallel. Set this option to `true` if populating multiple paths or paths with multiple models in transactions.
 * @return {Promise}
 * @api public
 */

Model.populate = async function populate(docs, paths) {
  _checkContext(this, 'populate');
  if (typeof paths === 'function' || typeof arguments[2] === 'function') {
    throw new MongooseError('Model.populate() no longer accepts a callback');
  }
  // normalized paths
  paths = utils.populate(paths);

  if (paths.length === 0) {
    return docs;
  }

  // each path has its own query options and must be executed separately
  if (paths.find(p => p.ordered)) {
    // Populate in series, primarily for transactions because MongoDB doesn't support multiple operations on
    // one transaction in parallel.
    // Note that if _any_ path has `ordered`, we make the top-level populate `ordered` as well.
    for (const path of paths) {
      await _populatePath(this, docs, path);
    }
  } else {
    // By default, populate in parallel
    const promises = [];
    for (const path of paths) {
      promises.push(_populatePath(this, docs, path));
    }
    await Promise.all(promises);
  }

  return docs;
};

/*!
 * Populates `docs` for a single `populateOptions` instance.
 */
const excludeIdReg = /\s?-_id\s?/;
const excludeIdRegGlobal = /\s?-_id\s?/g;

async function _populatePath(model, docs, populateOptions) {
  if (populateOptions.strictPopulate == null) {
    if (populateOptions._localModel?.schema._userProvidedOptions.strictPopulate != null) {
      populateOptions.strictPopulate = populateOptions._localModel.schema._userProvidedOptions.strictPopulate;
    } else if (populateOptions._localModel != null && model.base.options.strictPopulate != null) {
      populateOptions.strictPopulate = model.base.options.strictPopulate;
    } else if (model.base.options.strictPopulate != null) {
      populateOptions.strictPopulate = model.base.options.strictPopulate;
    }
  }

  // normalize single / multiple docs passed
  if (!Array.isArray(docs)) {
    docs = [docs];
  }
  if (docs.length === 0 || docs.every(utils.isNullOrUndefined)) {
    return;
  }

  const modelsMap = getModelsMapForPopulate(model, docs, populateOptions);
  if (modelsMap instanceof MongooseError) {
    throw modelsMap;
  }
  const len = modelsMap.length;
  let vals = [];

  function flatten(item) {
    // no need to include undefined values in our query
    return undefined !== item;
  }

  let hasOne = false;
  const params = [];
  for (let i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
    const mod = modelsMap[i];
    let select = mod.options.select;
    let ids = utils.array.flatten(mod.ids, flatten);
    ids = utils.array.unique(ids);

    const assignmentOpts = {};
    assignmentOpts.sort = mod &&
      mod.options &&
      mod.options.options &&
      mod.options.options.sort || void 0;
    assignmentOpts.excludeId = excludeIdReg.test(select) || (select && select._id === 0);

    // Lean transform may delete `_id`, which would cause assignment
    // to fail. So delay running lean transform until _after_
    // `_assign()`
    if (mod.options &&
        mod.options.options &&
        mod.options.options.lean &&
        mod.options.options.lean.transform) {
      mod.options.options._leanTransform = mod.options.options.lean.transform;
      mod.options.options.lean = true;
    }

    if (ids.length === 0 || ids.every(utils.isNullOrUndefined)) {
      // Ensure that we set to 0 or empty array even
      // if we don't actually execute a query to make sure there's a value
      // and we know this path was populated for future sets. See gh-7731, gh-8230
      _assign(model, [], mod, assignmentOpts);
      continue;
    }

    hasOne = true;
    if (typeof populateOptions.foreignField === 'string') {
      mod.foreignField.clear();
      mod.foreignField.add(populateOptions.foreignField);
    }
    const match = createPopulateQueryFilter(ids, mod.match, mod.foreignField, mod.model, mod.options.skipInvalidIds);
    if (assignmentOpts.excludeId) {
      // override the exclusion from the query so we can use the _id
      // for document matching during assignment. we'll delete the
      // _id back off before returning the result.
      if (typeof select === 'string') {
        select = select.replace(excludeIdRegGlobal, ' ');
      } else if (Array.isArray(select)) {
        select = select.filter(field => field !== '-_id');
      } else {
        // preserve original select conditions by copying
        select = { ...select };
        delete select._id;
      }
    }

    if (mod.options.options?.limit != null) {
      assignmentOpts.originalLimit = mod.options.options.limit;
    } else if (mod.options.limit != null) {
      assignmentOpts.originalLimit = mod.options.limit;
    }
    params.push([mod, match, select, assignmentOpts]);
  }
  if (!hasOne) {
    // If models but no docs, skip further deep populate.
    if (modelsMap.length !== 0) {
      return;
    }
    // If no models and no docs to populate but we have a nested populate,
    // probably a case of unnecessarily populating a non-ref path re: gh-8946
    if (populateOptions.populate != null) {
      const opts = utils.populate(populateOptions.populate).map(pop => Object.assign({}, pop, {
        path: populateOptions.path + '.' + pop.path
      }));
      return model.populate(docs, opts);
    }
    return;
  }

  // Track deferred populates per-param (per model) to avoid mixing them
  const deferredPopulatesPerParam = new Map();

  if (populateOptions.ordered) {
    // Populate in series, primarily for transactions because MongoDB doesn't support multiple operations on
    // one transaction in parallel.
    for (let i = 0; i < params.length; i++) {
      const arr = params[i];
      const { docs, deferredPopulates } = await _execPopulateQuery.apply(null, arr);
      vals = vals.concat(docs);
      if (deferredPopulates.length > 0) {
        deferredPopulatesPerParam.set(i, deferredPopulates);
      }
    }
  } else {
    // By default, populate in parallel
    const promises = [];
    for (const arr of params) {
      promises.push(_execPopulateQuery.apply(null, arr));
    }

    const results = await Promise.all(promises);
    for (let i = 0; i < results.length; i++) {
      const { docs, deferredPopulates } = results[i];
      vals = vals.concat(docs);
      if (deferredPopulates.length > 0) {
        deferredPopulatesPerParam.set(i, deferredPopulates);
      }
    }
  }


  for (const arr of params) {
    const mod = arr[0];
    const assignmentOpts = arr[3];
    for (const val of vals) {
      mod.options._childDocs.push(val);
    }
    _assign(model, vals, mod, assignmentOpts);
  }

  // Handle deferred populate for cases with per-document match functions.
  // We defer populate so sift filtering can compare ObjectIds (not populated docs).
  // This handles both explicit sub-populate and populate added by pre('find') hooks.
  // Each param's deferred populates are tracked separately to avoid mixing them
  // between different models (e.g., when using refPath with multiple model types).
  if (deferredPopulatesPerParam.size > 0) {
    for (let i = 0; i < params.length; i++) {
      const arr = params[i];
      const mod = arr[0];
      if (!Array.isArray(mod.match)) {
        continue;
      }

      const paramDeferredPopulates = deferredPopulatesPerParam.get(i);
      if (!paramDeferredPopulates || paramDeferredPopulates.length === 0) {
        continue;
      }

      // Get the assigned (filtered) children from parent docs
      const childDocsToPopulate = [];
      for (const doc of mod.docs) {
        const childVal = doc.$__ != null ? doc.get(mod.options.path) : doc[mod.options.path];
        if (Array.isArray(childVal)) {
          childDocsToPopulate.push(...childVal);
        } else if (childVal != null) {
          childDocsToPopulate.push(childVal);
        }
      }

      if (childDocsToPopulate.length > 0) {
        for (const pop of paramDeferredPopulates) {
          await mod.model.populate(childDocsToPopulate, pop);
        }
      }
    }
  }

  for (const arr of params) {
    removeDeselectedForeignField(arr[0].foreignField, arr[0].options, vals);
  }
  for (const arr of params) {
    const mod = arr[0];
    if (mod.options?.options?._leanTransform) {
      for (const doc of vals) {
        mod.options.options._leanTransform(doc);
      }
    }
  }
}

/*!
 * ignore
 */

function _execPopulateQuery(mod, match, select) {
  let subPopulate = clone(mod.options.populate);
  const queryOptions = {};
  if (mod.options.skip !== undefined) {
    queryOptions.skip = mod.options.skip;
  }
  if (mod.options.limit !== undefined) {
    queryOptions.limit = mod.options.limit;
  }
  if (mod.options.perDocumentLimit !== undefined) {
    queryOptions.perDocumentLimit = mod.options.perDocumentLimit;
  }
  Object.assign(queryOptions, mod.options.options);

  if (mod.count) {
    delete queryOptions.skip;
  }

  if (queryOptions.perDocumentLimit != null) {
    queryOptions.limit = queryOptions.perDocumentLimit;
    delete queryOptions.perDocumentLimit;
  } else if (queryOptions.limit != null) {
    queryOptions.limit = queryOptions.limit * mod.ids.length;
  }

  // When there's a per-document match function, defer any populate (including from hooks)
  // until after sift filtering, otherwise sift compares ObjectIds against populated docs.
  if (Array.isArray(mod.match)) {
    queryOptions._deferPopulate = true;
  }

  const query = mod.model.find(match, select, queryOptions);
  // If we're doing virtual populate and projection is inclusive and foreign
  // field is not selected, automatically select it because mongoose needs it.
  // If projection is exclusive and client explicitly unselected the foreign
  // field, that's the client's fault.
  for (const foreignField of mod.foreignField) {
    if (foreignField !== '_id' &&
        query.selectedInclusively() &&
        !isPathSelectedInclusive(query._fields, foreignField)) {
      query.select(foreignField);
    }
  }

  // If using count, still need the `foreignField` so we can match counts
  // to documents, otherwise we would need a separate `count()` for every doc.
  if (mod.count) {
    for (const foreignField of mod.foreignField) {
      query.select(foreignField);
    }
  }

  // If we need to sub-populate, call populate recursively.
  // However, if we have a per-document match function (Array.isArray(mod.match)),
  // defer sub-populate until after sift filtering, otherwise sift compares
  // ObjectIds against already-populated docs and fails to match.
  const shouldDeferSubPopulate = subPopulate && Array.isArray(mod.match);

  // Prepare sub-populate options with necessary metadata (_fullPath, strictPopulate, _localModel).
  // This must be done for both immediate and deferred sub-populate cases.
  if (subPopulate) {
    // If subpopulating on a discriminator, skip check for non-existent
    // paths. Because the discriminator may not have the path defined.
    if (mod.model.baseModelName != null) {
      if (Array.isArray(subPopulate)) {
        subPopulate.forEach(pop => { pop.strictPopulate = false; });
      } else if (typeof subPopulate === 'string') {
        subPopulate = { path: subPopulate, strictPopulate: false };
      } else {
        subPopulate.strictPopulate = false;
      }
    }
    const basePath = mod.options._fullPath || mod.options.path;

    if (Array.isArray(subPopulate)) {
      for (const pop of subPopulate) {
        pop._fullPath = basePath + '.' + pop.path;
        // Set _localModel for deferred populates so strictPopulate works correctly
        if (shouldDeferSubPopulate && pop._localModel == null) {
          pop._localModel = mod.model;
        }
      }
    } else if (typeof subPopulate === 'object') {
      subPopulate._fullPath = basePath + '.' + subPopulate.path;
      // Set _localModel for deferred populates so strictPopulate works correctly
      if (shouldDeferSubPopulate && subPopulate._localModel == null) {
        subPopulate._localModel = mod.model;
      }
    }
  }

  if (subPopulate && !shouldDeferSubPopulate) {
    query.populate(subPopulate);
  }

  return query.exec().then(
    docs => {
      for (const val of docs) {
        leanPopulateMap.set(val, mod.model);
      }
      // Return both docs and any deferred populates (from hooks or explicit sub-populate)
      const deferredPopulates = [];
      if (query._deferredPopulate) {
        deferredPopulates.push(...query._deferredPopulate);
        delete query._deferredPopulate;
      }
      if (shouldDeferSubPopulate) {
        deferredPopulates.push(subPopulate);
      }
      return { docs, deferredPopulates };
    }
  );
}

/*!
 * ignore
 */

function _assign(model, vals, mod, assignmentOpts) {
  const options = mod.options;
  const isVirtual = mod.isVirtual;
  const justOne = mod.justOne;
  let _val;
  const lean = options &&
    options.options &&
    options.options.lean || false;
  const len = vals.length;
  const rawOrder = {};
  const rawDocs = {};
  let key;
  let val;

  // Clone because `assignRawDocsToIdStructure` will mutate the array
  const allIds = clone(mod.allIds);
  // optimization:
  // record the document positions as returned by
  // the query result.
  for (let i = 0; i < len; i++) {
    val = vals[i];
    if (val == null) {
      continue;
    }
    for (const foreignField of mod.foreignField) {
      _val = utils.getValue(foreignField, val);
      if (Array.isArray(_val)) {
        _val = utils.array.unique(utils.array.flatten(_val));

        for (let __val of _val) {
          if (__val instanceof Document) {
            __val = __val._doc._id;
          }
          key = String(__val);
          if (rawDocs[key]) {
            if (Array.isArray(rawDocs[key])) {
              rawDocs[key].push(val);
              rawOrder[key].push(i);
            } else {
              rawDocs[key] = [rawDocs[key], val];
              rawOrder[key] = [rawOrder[key], i];
            }
          } else {
            if (isVirtual && !justOne) {
              rawDocs[key] = [val];
              rawOrder[key] = [i];
            } else {
              rawDocs[key] = val;
              rawOrder[key] = i;
            }
          }
        }
      } else {
        if (_val instanceof Document) {
          _val = _val._doc._id;
        }
        key = String(_val);
        if (rawDocs[key]) {
          if (Array.isArray(rawDocs[key])) {
            rawDocs[key].push(val);
            rawOrder[key].push(i);
          } else if (isVirtual ||
            rawDocs[key].constructor !== val.constructor ||
            (rawDocs[key] instanceof Document ? String(rawDocs[key]._doc._id) : String(rawDocs[key]._id)) !== (val instanceof Document ? String(val._doc._id) : String(val._id))) {
            // May need to store multiple docs with the same id if there's multiple models
            // if we have discriminators or a ref function. But avoid converting to an array
            // if we have multiple queries on the same model because of `perDocumentLimit` re: gh-9906
            rawDocs[key] = [rawDocs[key], val];
            rawOrder[key] = [rawOrder[key], i];
          }
        } else {
          rawDocs[key] = val;
          rawOrder[key] = i;
        }
      }
      // flag each as result of population
      if (!lean) {
        val.$__.wasPopulated = val.$__.wasPopulated || { value: _val };
      }
    }
  }

  assignVals({
    originalModel: model,
    // If virtual, make sure to not mutate original field
    rawIds: mod.isVirtual ? allIds : mod.allIds,
    allIds: allIds,
    unpopulatedValues: mod.unpopulatedValues,
    foreignField: mod.foreignField,
    rawDocs: rawDocs,
    rawOrder: rawOrder,
    docs: mod.docs,
    path: options.path,
    options: assignmentOpts,
    justOne: mod.justOne,
    isVirtual: mod.isVirtual,
    allOptions: mod,
    populatedModel: mod.model,
    lean: lean,
    virtual: mod.virtual,
    count: mod.count,
    match: mod.match
  });
}

/**
 * Compiler utility.
 *
 * @param {string|Function} name model name or class extending Model
 * @param {Schema} schema
 * @param {string} collectionName
 * @param {Connection} connection
 * @param {Mongoose} base mongoose instance
 * @api private
 */

Model.compile = function compile(name, schema, collectionName, connection, base) {
  const versioningEnabled = schema.options.versionKey !== false;

  if (versioningEnabled && !schema.paths[schema.options.versionKey]) {
    // add versioning to top level documents only
    const o = {};
    o[schema.options.versionKey] = Number;
    schema.add(o);
  }
  let model;
  if (typeof name === 'function' && name.prototype instanceof Model) {
    model = name;
    name = model.name;
    schema.loadClass(model, false);
    model.prototype.$isMongooseModelPrototype = true;
  } else {
    // generate new class
    model = function model(doc, fields, skipId) {
      model.hooks.execPreSync('createModel', doc);
      if (!(this instanceof model)) {
        return new model(doc, fields, skipId);
      }
      const discriminatorKey = model.schema.options.discriminatorKey;

      if (model.discriminators == null || doc == null || doc[discriminatorKey] == null) {
        Model.call(this, doc, fields, skipId);
        return;
      }

      // If discriminator key is set, use the discriminator instead (gh-7586)
      const Discriminator = model.discriminators[doc[discriminatorKey]] ||
        getDiscriminatorByValue(model.discriminators, doc[discriminatorKey]);
      if (Discriminator != null) {
        return new Discriminator(doc, fields, skipId);
      }

      // Otherwise, just use the top-level model
      Model.call(this, doc, fields, skipId);
    };
  }

  model.hooks = schema.s.hooks.clone();
  model.base = base;
  model.modelName = name;

  if (!(model.prototype instanceof Model)) {
    Object.setPrototypeOf(model, Model);
    Object.setPrototypeOf(model.prototype, Model.prototype);
  }
  model.model = function model(name) {
    return this.db.model(name);
  };

  model.db = connection;
  model.prototype.db = connection;
  model.prototype[modelDbSymbol] = connection;
  model.discriminators = model.prototype.discriminators = undefined;
  model[modelSymbol] = true;
  model.events = new EventEmitter();

  schema._preCompile();
  const _userProvidedOptions = schema._userProvidedOptions || {};

  const collectionOptions = {
    schemaUserProvidedOptions: _userProvidedOptions,
    capped: schema.options.capped,
    Promise: model.base.Promise,
    modelName: name
  };
  if (schema.options.autoCreate !== void 0) {
    collectionOptions.autoCreate = schema.options.autoCreate;
  }

  const collection = connection.collection(
    collectionName,
    collectionOptions
  );

  model.prototype.collection = collection;
  model.prototype.$collection = collection;
  model.prototype[modelCollectionSymbol] = collection;

  model.prototype.$__setSchema(schema);

  // apply methods and statics
  applyMethods(model, schema);
  applyStatics(model, schema);
  applyHooks(model, schema);
  applyStaticHooks(model, schema.s.hooks, schema.statics);

  model.schema = model.prototype.$__schema;
  model.collection = collection;
  model.$__collection = collection;

  // Create custom query constructor
  model.Query = function() {
    Query.apply(this, arguments);
  };
  Object.setPrototypeOf(model.Query.prototype, Query.prototype);
  model.Query.base = Query.base;
  model.Query.prototype.constructor = Query;
  model._applyQueryMiddleware();
  applyQueryMethods(model, schema.query);

  return model;
};

/**
 * If auto encryption is enabled, returns a ClientEncryption instance that is configured with the same settings that
 * Mongoose's underlying MongoClient is using.  If the client has not yet been configured, returns null.
 *
 * @returns {ClientEncryption | null}
 */
Model.clientEncryption = function clientEncryption() {
  const ClientEncryption = this.base.driver.get().ClientEncryption;
  if (!ClientEncryption) {
    throw new MongooseError('The mongodb driver must be used to obtain a ClientEncryption object.');
  }

  const client = this.collection?.conn?.client;

  if (!client) return null;

  const autoEncryptionOptions = client.options.autoEncryption;

  if (!autoEncryptionOptions) return null;

  const {
    keyVaultNamespace,
    keyVaultClient,
    kmsProviders,
    credentialProviders,
    proxyOptions,
    tlsOptions
  } = autoEncryptionOptions;
  return new ClientEncryption(keyVaultClient ?? client,
    { keyVaultNamespace, kmsProviders, credentialProviders, proxyOptions, tlsOptions }
  );
};

/**
 * Update this model to use the new connection, including updating all internal
 * references and creating a new `Collection` instance using the new connection.
 * Not for external use, only used by `setDriver()` to ensure that you can still
 * call `setDriver()` after creating a model using `mongoose.model()`.
 *
 * @param {Connection} newConnection the new connection to use
 * @api private
 */

Model.$__updateConnection = function $__updateConnection(newConnection) {
  this.db = newConnection;
  this.prototype.db = newConnection;
  this.prototype[modelDbSymbol] = newConnection;

  const collection = newConnection.collection(
    this.collection.collectionName,
    this.collection.opts
  );

  this.prototype.collection = collection;
  this.prototype.$collection = collection;
  this.prototype[modelCollectionSymbol] = collection;

  this.collection = collection;
  this.$__collection = collection;
};

/**
 * Register custom query methods for this model
 *
 * @param {Model} model
 * @param {Schema} schema
 * @api private
 */

function applyQueryMethods(model, methods) {
  for (const i in methods) {
    model.Query.prototype[i] = methods[i];
  }
}

/**
 * Subclass this model with `conn`, `schema`, and `collection` settings.
 *
 * @param {Connection} conn
 * @param {Schema} [schema]
 * @param {string} [collection]
 * @return {Model}
 * @api private
 * @memberOf Model
 * @static
 * @method __subclass
 */

Model.__subclass = function subclass(conn, schema, collection) {
  // subclass model using this connection and collection name
  const _this = this;

  const Model = function Model(doc, fields, skipId) {
    if (!(this instanceof Model)) {
      return new Model(doc, fields, skipId);
    }
    _this.call(this, doc, fields, skipId);
  };

  Object.setPrototypeOf(Model, _this);
  Object.setPrototypeOf(Model.prototype, _this.prototype);
  Model.db = conn;
  Model.prototype.db = conn;
  Model.prototype[modelDbSymbol] = conn;

  _this[subclassedSymbol] = _this[subclassedSymbol] || [];
  _this[subclassedSymbol].push(Model);
  if (_this.discriminators != null) {
    Model.discriminators = {};
    for (const key of Object.keys(_this.discriminators)) {
      Model.discriminators[key] = _this.discriminators[key].
        __subclass(_this.db, _this.discriminators[key].schema, collection);
    }
  }

  const s = schema && typeof schema !== 'string'
    ? schema
    : _this.prototype.$__schema;

  const options = s.options || {};
  const _userProvidedOptions = s._userProvidedOptions || {};

  if (!collection) {
    collection = _this.prototype.$__schema.get('collection') ||
      utils.toCollectionName(_this.modelName, this.base.pluralize());
  }

  const collectionOptions = {
    schemaUserProvidedOptions: _userProvidedOptions,
    capped: s && options.capped
  };

  Model.prototype.collection = conn.collection(collection, collectionOptions);
  Model.prototype.$collection = Model.prototype.collection;
  Model.prototype[modelCollectionSymbol] = Model.prototype.collection;
  Model.collection = Model.prototype.collection;
  Model.$__collection = Model.collection;
  // Errors handled internally, so ignore
  Model.init().catch(() => {});
  return Model;
};

/**
 * Apply changes made to this model's schema after this model was compiled.
 * By default, adding virtuals and other properties to a schema after the model is compiled does nothing.
 * Call this function to apply virtuals and properties that were added later.
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     const schema = new mongoose.Schema({ field: String });
 *     const TestModel = mongoose.model('Test', schema);
 *     TestModel.schema.virtual('myVirtual').get(function() {
 *       return this.field + ' from myVirtual';
 *     });
 *     const doc = new TestModel({ field: 'Hello' });
 *     doc.myVirtual; // undefined
 *
 *     TestModel.recompileSchema();
 *     doc.myVirtual; // 'Hello from myVirtual'
 *
 * @return {undefined}
 * @api public
 * @memberOf Model
 * @static
 * @method recompileSchema
 */

Model.recompileSchema = function recompileSchema() {
  this.prototype.$__setSchema(this.schema);

  if (this.schema._applyDiscriminators != null) {
    for (const disc of this.schema._applyDiscriminators.keys()) {
      this.discriminator(disc, this.schema._applyDiscriminators.get(disc));
    }
  }

  delete this.schema._defaultToObjectOptionsMap;

  applyEmbeddedDiscriminators(this.schema, new WeakSet(), true);
};

/**
 * Helper for console.log. Given a model named 'MyModel', returns the string
 * `'Model { MyModel }'`.
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     const MyModel = mongoose.model('Test', Schema({ name: String }));
 *     MyModel.inspect(); // 'Model { Test }'
 *     console.log(MyModel); // Prints 'Model { Test }'
 *
 * @api public
 */

Model.inspect = function() {
  return `Model { ${this.modelName} }`;
};

/**
 * Return the MongoDB namespace for this model as a string. The namespace is the database name, followed by '.', followed by the collection name.
 *
 * #### Example:
 *
 *     const conn = mongoose.createConnection('mongodb://127.0.0.1:27017/mydb');
 *     const TestModel = conn.model('Test', mongoose.Schema({ name: String }));
 *
 *     TestModel.namespace(); // 'mydb.tests'
 *
 * @api public
 */

Model.namespace = function namespace() {
  return this.db.name + '.' + this.collection.collectionName;
};

if (util.inspect.custom) {
  // Avoid Node deprecation warning DEP0079
  Model[util.inspect.custom] = Model.inspect;
}

/*!
 * Applies query middleware from this model's schema to this model's
 * Query constructor.
 */

Model._applyQueryMiddleware = function _applyQueryMiddleware() {
  const Query = this.Query;
  const queryMiddleware = this.schema.s.hooks.filter(hook => {
    const contexts = _getContexts(hook);
    if (hook.name === 'validate') {
      return !!contexts.query;
    }
    if (hook.name === 'deleteOne' || hook.name === 'updateOne') {
      return !!contexts.query || utils.hasOwnKeys(contexts) === false;
    }
    if (hook.query != null || hook.document != null) {
      return !!hook.query;
    }
    return true;
  });

  Query.prototype._queryMiddleware = queryMiddleware;
};

function _getContexts(hook) {
  const ret = {};
  if (Object.hasOwn(hook, 'query')) {
    ret.query = hook.query;
  }
  if (Object.hasOwn(hook, 'document')) {
    ret.document = hook.document;
  }
  return ret;
}

/*!
 * Module exports.
 */

module.exports = exports = Model;
